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Distribution of Phenol Derivatives by River Waters to the Marine Environment (Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea)

Iga Nehring
Iga Nehring
, 
Marta Staniszewska
Marta Staniszewska
 et 
Karina Bodziach
Karina Bodziach
   | 20 mars 2023
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Article Category: Original research paper
Publié en ligne: 20 mars 2023
Pages: 90 - 101
Reçu: 19 août 2022
Accepté: 14 déc. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2023.1.07
© 2023 Iga Nehring et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of the rivers included in the research Numbering in Table 1
Location of the rivers included in the research Numbering in Table 1

Figure 2

The mean concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonylphenol in the water samples collected at the sources and outlets of rivers in 2020
The mean concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonylphenol in the water samples collected at the sources and outlets of rivers in 2020

Mean ratios of phenol derivative concentrations at the sources to concentrations at the outlets of rivers flowing into the Gulf of Gdańsk, for samples collected in 2020

Season spring summer autumn
Station compound
BPA 4-t-OP 4-NP BPA 4-t-OP 4-NP BPA 4-t-OP 4-NP
Kacza River 2.06 23.88 1.30 38.62 5.8 7.74 - - -
Zagórska Struga River 0.57 0.14 2.35 2.37 2.33 3.35 0.41 0.41 0.41
Gizdepka River - - - 4.54 1.33 1.81 0.16 0.13 0.31

Mean concentrations (ng dm−3) of bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol in water collected from rivers in spring, summer and autumn 2020

Season Spring Summer Autumn
Compound BPA 4-t-OP 4-NP BPA 4-t-OP 4-NP BPA 4-t-OP 4-NP
Station ng dm−3
Source Kacza River 56.1 35.8 17 546.2 5.0 9.3 30.8 < LOQ 17.3
Zagórska Struga River 27.1 7.1 < LOQ 64.7 7.1 35.1 7.9 < LOQ < LOQ
Reda River 19.8 < LOQ 12.1 31.8 18.8 17.4 26.2 < LOQ 3.8
Gizdepka River 15.9 3.5 25.8 78.4 12.7 18.6 3.6 < LOQ < LOQ
Outlet Oliwa Brook 7.6 < LOQ < LOQ 38.3 < LOQ 12.6 2.6 < LOQ 27.8
Kacza River 27.2 1.5 13.1 14.1 0.9 12.5 NA NA NA
Zagórska Struga River 15.5 < LOQ 10.2 27.2 3.1 10.5 19.3 2.5 9.8
Gizdepka River NA NA NA 17.3 9.6 10.3 22.1 8.0 13.0
River Vistula 80.3 5.3 < LOQ 74.5 11.1 10.6 29.0 < LOQ 12.0
Martwa Wisła River 89.1 10.5 16.4 43.2 1.5 11.3 59.1 2.5 < LOQ

Mean seasonal loads of bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol carried by rivers to the waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk in 2020

River Reda River Oliwa Brook Kacza River Zagórska Struga River Gizdepka River Vistula River
Season g year−1 kg year−1
BPA spring 2609.9 69.1 109.8 637.5 26.8 2 700.0
4-t-OP 131.9 9.1 6.1 41.0 5.4 178.3
4-NP 1588.8 36.6 52.8 416.1 21.4 134.5
BPA summer 4185.3 350.3 57.1 1116.8 92.6 2 505.3
4-t-OP 2478.2 9.1 3.5 125.0 51.3 371.8
4-NP 2289.7 115.3 50.5 428.8 55.2 356.7
BPA autumn 3302.7 23.5 NA 789.2 118.2 976.7
4-t-OP 131.9 9.1 NA 102.5 42.8 367.1
4-NP 502.1 254.4 NA 403.0 69.8 402.4

Chromatographic separation conditions

Time(min) H2O(%) CH3CN(%)
0 70 30
0 70 30
12 35 65
17 0 100
21 0 100
21.3 70 30
25 70 30

Normative values and exceedances of BPA, 4-t-OP and 4-NP in the tested surface waters

Parameter [ng dm−3] bisphenol A 4-tert-octylphenol 4-nonylphenol
PNEC 150*/60**/10*** 10 330
AA-EQS - 1001)/102) 300
MAC-EQS - - 2000
rating 1 exceedance 4 exceedances No exceedance

Characterisation of the sampling sites

Name/locati on in Fig. 1 Source Outlet Length (km) Flow (m3 s−1) Catchment development References
Oliwa Brook [1] 140 m above sea level In the town of Sopot 10 0.29 Nature reserves, parks, forests and a zoo Saniewska et al. 2014
Kacza River [2] 150–190 m above sea level In the town of Gdynia 14.8 0.13 Nature reserves, forests and urban areas Saniewska et al. 2014
Gizdepka River [3] forest area Puck Bay 13.3 0.17 Agricultural areas (47.5%), forests (45.9%) and waters (5.1%) Wojciechowska et al. 2018
Reda River [4] backwoods, 49 m above sea level Puck Bay 51 4.2 Forests (> 50%), recreati onal areas and urbanised areas IMGW, 2019
Zagórska Struga River [5] lake, 153 m above sea level Gulf of Gdańsk 28 1.3 Forest and agricultural areas. Within the catchment there is a trout farm. RZGW, 2012
River Vistula [6] Beskid Śląski mountain range, 1107 m above sea level Gulf of Gdańsk 1047 1059 Agricultural areas (66%), forests (29%) and urbanised areas (3%). The river flows through the enti re country. The estuary is dominated by urbanised areas. IMGW, 2019
Martwa Wisła River [7] Estuarial secti on of the Vistula in Gdańsk Gulf of Gdańsk 12 178 Urbanised areas Cieśliński 2017
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