Relation of Endothelial Dysfunction and Adipokines Levels to Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Syndrome Patients

Alberti, K.G., Zimet, P., Shaw J. (2005). The metabolic syndrome — a new worldwide definition. Lancet, 366(9491), 1059-1062.Search in Google Scholar

Antonios, T.F., Singer, D.R., Markandu, N.D., Mortimer, P.S., MacGregor, G.A. (1999). Rarefaction of skin capillaries in borderline essential hypertension suggests an early structural abnormality. Hypertension, 34(4 Pt 1), 655-658.10.1161/01.HYP.34.4.655Search in Google Scholar

Bilgili, S., Celebiler, A.C., Dogan, A., Karaca, B. (2008). Inverse relationship between adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in metabolic syndrome patients. Endocr. Regul., 42(2-3), 63-68.Search in Google Scholar

Bonora, E., Targher, G., Alberiche, M., Bonadonna, R.C., Saggiani, F., Zenere, M.B., Monauni, T., Muggeo, M. (2000). Homeostasis model assessment closely mirrors the glucose clamp technique in the assessment of insulin sensitivity: Studies in subjects with various degrees of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care, 23(1), 57-63.10.2337/diacare.23.1.5710857969Search in Google Scholar

Bruun, J.M., Lihn, A.S., Madan, A.K., Pedersen, S.B., Schiøtt, K.M., Fain, J.N., Richelsen, B. (2004). Higher production of IL-8 in visceral vs. subcutaneous adipose tissue. Implication of nonadipose cells in adipose tissue. Amer. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 286(1), E8-E13.Search in Google Scholar

Bruun, J, M, Verdich, C., Toubro, S., Astrup, A., Richelsen, B. (2003). Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 148(5), 535-542.Search in Google Scholar

Cha, S.H., Lee, J.K., Lee, J.Y., Kim, H.T., Ryu, H.J., Han, B.G., Kim, J.W., Oh, B., Kimm, K., Shin, H.D., Park, B.L., Park, S., Park, H.Y., Jang. Y. (2007). Association of CCR2 polymorphisms with the number of closed coronary artery vessels in coronary artery disease. Clin. Chim. Acta, 382(1-2), 129-133.10.1016/j.cca.2007.03.01717482150Search in Google Scholar

Charo, I.F., Taubman, M.B. (2004). Chemokines in the pathogenesis of vascular disease. Circ. Res., 95, 858-66.10.1161/01.RES.0000146672.10582.1715514167Search in Google Scholar

Clark, M.G., Wallis, M.G., Barrett, E.J., Vincent, M.A., Richards, S.M., Clerk, L.H., Rattigan, S. (2003). Blood flow and muscle metabolism: A focus on insulin action. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 284(2), E241-E258.10.1152/ajpendo.00408.200212531739Search in Google Scholar

Dahlman, I., Kaaman, M., Olsson, T., Tan, G.D., Bickerton, A.S., Wåhlén, K., Andersson, J., Nordström, E.A., Blomqvist, L., Sjögren, A., Forsgren, M., Attersand, A., Arner, P. (2005). A unique role of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 among chemokines in adipose tissue of obese subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 90(10), 5834-5840.10.1210/jc.2005-036916091493Search in Google Scholar

Despres, J.P., Lemieux, I., Prud'homme, D. (2001). Treatment of obesity: need to focus on high risk abdominally obese patients. Brit. Med. J., 322, 716-720.10.1136/bmj.322.7288.716111990511264213Search in Google Scholar

Ezenwaka, C.E., Nwagbara, E., Seales, D., Okali, F., Sell, H., Eckel, J. (2009). Insulin resistance, leptin and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels in diabetic and non-diabetic Afro-Caribbean subjects. Arch. Physiol. Biochem., 115(1), 22-27.10.1080/1381345080267634319267279Search in Google Scholar

Haluzik, M. (2005). Adiponectin and its potential in the treatment of obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 6 (10), 988-993.Search in Google Scholar

Herder, C., Baumert, J., Thorand, B., Koenig, W., de Jager, W., Meisinger, C., Illig, T., Martin, S., Kolb, H. (2006). Chemokines as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: Results from the MONICA/KORA Ausburg study, 1984-2002. Diabetologia, 49, 921-929.10.1007/s00125-006-0190-y16532324Search in Google Scholar

Ijzerman, R.G., Voordouw, J.J., van Weissenbruch, M.M., Yudkin, J.S., Serne, E.H., Delemarre-van de Waal, H.A., Stehouwer, C.D. (2006). TNF-alpha levels are associated with skin capillary recruitment in humans: a potential explanation for the relationship between TNF-alpha and insulin resistance. Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 110(3), 361-368.10.1042/CS2005031416316318Search in Google Scholar

Kasuga, M. (2006). Insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell failure. J. Clin. Invest., 116, 1756-1760.10.1172/JCI29189148316416823472Search in Google Scholar

Kim, F., Gallis, B., Corson, M.A. (2001). TNF-{alpha} inhibits flow and insulin signaling leading to NO production in aortic endothelial cells. Amer. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 280(5), C1057-C1065.Search in Google Scholar

Kim, J.A., Montagnani, M., Koh, K.K., Quon, M.J. (2006). Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: Molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation, 113(15), 1888-1904.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.56321316618833Search in Google Scholar

Kissebah, A.H., Krakower, G.R. (1994). Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol. Rev., 74, 761-811.10.1152/physrev.1994.74.4.7617938225Search in Google Scholar

Kobashi, C., Urakaze, M., Kishida, M., Kibayashi, E., Kobayashi, H., Kihara, S., Funahashi, T., Takata, M., Temaru, R., Sato, A., Yamazaki, K., Nakamura, N., Kobayashi, M. (2005). Adiponectin inhibits endothelial synthesis of interleukin-8. Circ. Res., 97, 1245-1252.10.1161/01.RES.0000194328.57164.3616269654Search in Google Scholar

Mohamed, F., Monge, J.C., Gordon, A., Cernacek, P., Blais, D., Stewart, D.J. (1995). Lack of role for nitric oxide (NO) in the selective destabilization of endothelial NO synthase mRNA by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 15(1), 52-57.10.1161/01.ATV.15.1.527538424Search in Google Scholar

Moreau, M., Brocheriou, I., Petit, L., Ninio, E., Chapman, M.J., Rouis, M. (1999). Interleukin-8 mediates downregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in cholesterol-loaded human macro-phages: Relevance to stability of atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation, 99, 420-426.10.1161/01.CIR.99.3.420Search in Google Scholar

Rask-Madsen, C., King, G.L. (2007). Mechanisms of disease: Endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance and diabetes. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab., 3(1), 46-56.10.1038/ncpendmet036617179929Search in Google Scholar

Ravussin, E., Smith, S.R. (2002). Increased fat intake, impaired fat oxidation, and failure of fat cell proliferation result in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 967, 363-378.10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04292.x12079864Search in Google Scholar

Sartipy, P., Loskutoff, D.J. (2003). Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100, 7265-7270.10.1073/pnas.113387010016586412756299Search in Google Scholar

Schaffler, A., Scholmerich, J., Buchler, C. (2005). Mechanisms of disease: Adipocytokines and visceral adipose tissue — emerging role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2(6), 273-280.10.1038/ncpgasthep018616265231Search in Google Scholar

Schinner, S., Kempf, K., Overmann, H., Willenberg, H.S., Schott, M., Rose, B., Scherbaum, W.A., Herder, C. (2008). Association of impaired glucose metabolism in morbid obesity with hypoadiponectinaemia. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 116 (Suppl 1), S64-S69.10.1055/s-2008-1081490Search in Google Scholar

Sell, H., Dietze-Schroeder, D., Kaiser, U., Eckel, J. (2006). Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 is a potential player in the negative cross-talk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Endocrinology, 147(5), 2458-2467.10.1210/en.2005-0969Search in Google Scholar

Serne, E.H., de Jongh, R.T., Eringa, E.C., Ijzerman, R.G., Stehouwer, C.D. (2007). Microvascular dysfunction: A potential pathophysiological role in the metabolic syndrome. Hypertension, 50(1), 204-211.10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.089680Search in Google Scholar

Shin, W.S., Szuba, A., Rockson, S.G. (2002). The role of chemokines in human cardiovascular pathology: Enhanced biological insights. Atherosclerosis, 160, 91-102.10.1016/S0021-9150(01)00571-8Search in Google Scholar

Straczkowski, M., Dzienis-Straczkowska, S., Stepien, A., Kowalska, I., Szelachowska, M., Kinalska, I. (2002). Plasma interleukin-8 concentrations are increased in obese subjects and related to fat mass and tumor necrosis factor-alpha system. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87, 4602-4606.10.1210/jc.2002-02013512364441Search in Google Scholar

Turner, J., Belch, J.J., Khan, F. (2008). Current concepts in assessment of microvascular endothelial function using laser Doppler imaging and iontophoresis. Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 18(4), 109-116.10.1016/j.tcm.2008.02.00118555183Search in Google Scholar

Weisberg, S.P., Hunter, D., Huber, R., Lemieux, J., Slaymaker, S., Vaddi, K., Charo, I., Leibel, R.L., Ferrante, A.W. Jr. (2006). CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding. J. Clin. Invest., 116(1), 115-124.10.1172/JCI24335130755916341265Search in Google Scholar

Wellen, K.E., Hotamisligil, G.S. (2005). Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J. Clin. Invest., 115(5), 1111-1119.10.1172/JCI25102108718515864338Search in Google Scholar

Wellen, K.E., Hotamisligil, G.S. (2003). Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J. Clin. Invest., 112, 1785-1788.10.1172/JCI2051429700614679172Search in Google Scholar

Williams, I.L., Wheatcroft, S.B., Shah, A.M., Kearney, M.T. (2002). Obesity, atherosclerosis and the vascular endothelium: Mechanisms of reduced nitric oxide bioavailability in obese humans. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 26(6), 754-764.10.1038/sj.ijo.080199512037644Search in Google Scholar

Yamauchi, T., Kadowaki, T. (2008). Physiological and pathophysiological roles of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in the integrated regulation of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.), 32 (Suppl 7), S13-S18.10.1038/ijo.2008.23319136982Search in Google Scholar

Youd, J.M., Rattigan, S., Clark, M.G. (2000). Acute impairment of insulin-mediated capillary recruitment and glucose uptake in rat skeletal muscle in vivo by TNF-alpha. Diabetes, 49(11), 1904-1909.10.2337/diabetes.49.11.190411078458Search in Google Scholar

Zeng, G., Nystrom, F.H., Ravichandran, L.V., Cong, L.N., Kirby, M., Mostowski, H., Quon, M.J. (2000). Roles for insulin receptor, PI3-kinase, and Akt in insulin signalling pathways related to production of nitric oxide in human vascular endothelial cells. Circulation, 101(13), 1539-1545.10.1161/01.CIR.101.13.1539Search in Google Scholar