[
1. Ahlgren, J. (2019) Circular Baltic 2030. Circular Economy in the Baltic Sea Region and Beyond; Global Utmaning: Stockholm, Sweden.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
2. Al-Aboosi, F. Y., El-Halwagi, M. M., Moore, M., & Nielsen, R. B. (2021) Renewable ammonia as an alternative fuel for the shipping industry. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 31, 100670.10.1016/j.coche.2021.100670
]Search in Google Scholar
[
3. Al-Douri, A., Alsuhaibani, A. S., Moore, M., Nielsen, R. B., El-Baz, A. A., & El-Halwagi, M. M. (2021) Greenhouse gases emissions in liquified natural gas as a marine fuel: Life cycle analysis and reduction potential. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering.10.1002/cjce.24268
]Search in Google Scholar
[
4. Al-Enazi, A., Okonkwo, E. C., Bicer, Y., & Al-Ansari, T. (2021) A review of cleaner alternative fuels for maritime transportation. Energy Reports, 7, 1962-1985.10.1016/j.egyr.2021.03.036
]Search in Google Scholar
[
5. Altrichter, H., Feldman, A., Posch, P.; Somekh, B. (2008) Teachers investigate their work; An introduction to action research across the professions. Routledge, 2nd ed., p. 147.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
6. Ampah, J. D., Yusuf, A. A., Afrane, S., Jin, C., & Liu, H. (2021) Reviewing two decades of cleaner alternative marine fuels: Towards IMO’s decarbonization of the maritime transport sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 128871.10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128871
]Search in Google Scholar
[
7. Andersson, K., Brynolf, S., Hansson, J., & Grahn, M. (2020) Criteria and decision support for a sustainable choice of alternative marine fuels. Sustainability, 12(9), 3623.10.3390/su12093623
]Search in Google Scholar
[
8. Bach, H., Mäkitie, T., Hansen, T., & Steen, M. (2021) Blending new and old in sustainability transitions: Technological alignment between fossil fuels and biofuels in Norwegian coastal shipping. Energy Research & Social Science, 74, 101957.10.1016/j.erss.2021.101957
]Search in Google Scholar
[
9. Balcombe, P., Brierley, J., Lewis, C., Skatvedt, L., Speirs, J., Hawkes, A., & Staffell, I. (2019) How to decarbonise international shipping: Options for fuels, technologies and policies. Energy conversion and management, 182, 72-88.10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.080
]Search in Google Scholar
[
10. Ben Brahim, T., Wiese, F., & Münster, M. (2019) Pathways to climate-neutral shipping: A Danish case study. Energy, 188, 116009.10.1016/j.energy.2019.116009
]Search in Google Scholar
[
11. Bengtsson, S., Andersson, K., & Fridell, E. (2011) A comparative life cycle assessment of marine fuels: liquefied natural gas and three other fossil fuels. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, 225(2), 97-110.10.1177/1475090211402136
]Search in Google Scholar
[
12. Beyersdorff, S.; Lanthen. (2018) E. Baltic 2030: Bumps on the Road. How the Baltic Sea States are performing on the SDGs; Nordic Council of Ministers and Council of the Baltic Sea States: Copenhagen, Denmark.10.6027/ANP2018-783
]Search in Google Scholar
[
13. Bilgili, L. (2021) Comparative assessment of alternative marine fuels in life cycle perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 144, 110985.10.1016/j.rser.2021.110985
]Search in Google Scholar
[
14. Black & Veatch (2020) Hybrid LNG & Ammonia Infrastructure: Key to a Green Economy.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
15. Böhme, K.; Zillmer, S.; Hans, S.; Antikainen, J.; Pyykkonen, S. (2016) Looking Towards 2030: Preparing the Baltic Sea Region for the Future. Full Report; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
16. Carvalho, F., Portugal-Pereira, J., Junginger, M., & Szklo, A. (2021) Biofuels for Maritime Transportation: A Spatial, Techno-Economic, and Logistic Analysis in Brazil, Europe, South Africa, and the USA. Energies, 14(16), 4980.10.3390/en14164980
]Search in Google Scholar
[
17. Cheliotis, M., Boulougouris, E., Trivyza, N. L., Theotokatos, G., Livanos, G., Mantalos, G., & Venetsanos, A. (2021) Review on the safe use of ammonia fuel cells in the maritime industry. Energies, 14(11), 3023.10.3390/en14113023
]Search in Google Scholar
[
18. DNV-GL (2020). Ammonia as Marine Fuel, White Paper 2020, Norway.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
19. Erdemir, D., & Dincer, I. (2021) A perspective on the use of ammonia as a clean fuel: Challenges and solutions. International Journal of Energy Research, 45(4), 4827-4834.10.1002/er.6232
]Search in Google Scholar
[
20. Erisman, J. W., Otjes, R., Hensen, A., Jongejan, P., van den Bulk, P., Khlystov, A., ... & Slanina, S. (2001) Instrument development and application in studies and monitoring of ambient ammonia. Atmospheric Environment, 35(11), 1913-1922.10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00544-6
]Search in Google Scholar
[
21. Gerlitz, L.; Philipp, R.; Beifert, A. (2018) Smart and Sustainable Cross-Sectoral Stakeholder Integration into Macro-Regional LNG Value Chain. Springer Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 36, 112−126, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74454-4_11.10.1007/978-3-319-74454-4_11
]Search in Google Scholar
[
22. Giddey, S., Badwal, S. P. S., Munnings, C., & Dolan, M. (2017) Ammonia as a renewable energy transportation media. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 5(11), 10231-10239.10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02219
]Search in Google Scholar
[
23. Gu, Y., & Wallace, S. W. (2017) Scrubber: A potentially overestimated compliance method for the Emission Control Areas: The importance of involving a ship’s sailing pattern in the evaluation. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 51-66.10.1016/j.trd.2017.06.024
]Search in Google Scholar
[
24. Hansson, J., Brynolf, S., Fridell, E., & Lehtveer, M. (2020) The potential role of ammonia as marine fuel—Based on energy systems modelling and multi-criteria decision analysis. Sustainability, 12(8), 3265.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
25. Haskell, C. (2021) Decarbonising shipping – could ammonia be the fuel of the future? Lloyd’s Register, retrieved at https://www.lr.org/en/insights/articles/decarbonising-shipping-ammonia/ on 10th September 2021.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
26. Johansson L. & Jalkanen J. P. (2016) Emissions from Baltic Sea shipping in 2015, Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheet 2015, HELCOM, Helsinki.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
27. Kim, K.; Roh, G.; Kim, W.; Chun, K. (2020) A Preliminary Study on an Alternative Ship Propulsion System Fuelled by Ammonia: Environmental and Economic Assessments. Journal of Marine Science Engineering, 8, 183; doi:10.3390/jmse8030183.10.3390/jmse8030183
]Search in Google Scholar
[
28. Klerke, A., Christensen, C. H., Nørskov, J. K., & Vegge, T. (2008) Ammonia for hydrogen storage: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18(20), 2304-2310.10.1039/b720020j
]Search in Google Scholar
[
29. Korberg, A. D., Brynolf, S., Grahn, M., & Skov, I. R. (2021) Techno-economic assessment of advanced fuels and propulsion systems in future fossil-free ships. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 142, 110861.10.1016/j.rser.2021.110861
]Search in Google Scholar
[
30. Kurien, C., & Mittal, M. (2022) Review on the production and utilization of green ammonia as an alternate fuel in dual-fuel compression ignition engines. Energy Conversion and Management, 251, 114990.10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114990
]Search in Google Scholar
[
31. Lloyd’s Register. (2020) UMAS Techno-Economic Assessment of Zero-Carbon Fuels; Lloyds Register: London, UK.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
32. MacFarlane, D. R., Cherepanov, P. V., Choi, J., Suryanto, B. H., Hodgetts, R. Y., Bakker, J. M., ... & Simonov, A. N. (2020) A roadmap to the ammonia economy. Joule, 4(6), 1186-1205.10.1016/j.joule.2020.04.004
]Search in Google Scholar
[
33. Mildenstrey, E. (2021) Ammonia as fuel for the shipping industry, Master Thesis, Wismar University of Applied Sciences, Wismar, Germany.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
34. Olaniyi, E. O. Gerlitz, L (2019) LNG Maritime energy contracting model. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 7(1), 574−594.10.9770/jesi.2019.7.1(40).10.9770/jesi.2019.7.1(40)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
35. Olaniyi, E. O; Prause, G (2020) A Comparative Study on SECA Compliance Options for Maritime Fuel Producers. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies. DOI: 10.1177/2393957519885521.10.1177/2393957519885521
]Search in Google Scholar
[
36. Palys, M. J., Wang, H., Zhang, Q., & Daoutidis, P. (2021) Renewable ammonia for sustainable energy and agriculture: vision and systems engineering opportunities. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 31, 100667.10.1016/j.coche.2020.100667
]Search in Google Scholar
[
37. Prause, F; Prause, G. (2021) Inventory Routing Analysis for Maritime LNG Supply of German Ports, Transport and Telecommunication Journal, 22(1), 67-86. DOI: 10.2478/ttj-2021-0006.10.2478/ttj-2021-0006
]Search in Google Scholar
[
38. Prause, G.; Olaniyi, E. O. (2019) A compliance cost analysis of the seca regulation in the Baltic Sea. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(4), 1907−1921. DOI: 10.9770/jesi.2019.6.4(26).10.9770/jesi.2019.6.4(26)
]Search in Google Scholar
[
39. Prussi, M., Scarlat, N., Acciaro, M., & Kosmas, V. (2021) Potential and limiting factors in the use of alternative fuels in the European maritime sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291, 125849.10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125849794457433814732
]Search in Google Scholar
[
40. Rehbein, M. C., Meier, C., Eilts, P., & Scholl, S. (2019) Mixtures of ammonia and organic solvents as alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Energy & Fuels, 33(10), 10331-10342.10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01450
]Search in Google Scholar
[
41. Reiter, A. J., & Kong, S. C. (2008) Demonstration of compression-ignition engine combustion using ammonia in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Energy & Fuels, 22(5), 2963-2971.10.1021/ef800140f
]Search in Google Scholar
[
42. Sánchez, A., Castellano, E., Martín, M., & Vega, P. (2021) Evaluating ammonia as green fuel for power generation: A thermo-chemical perspective. Applied Energy, 293, 116956.10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116956
]Search in Google Scholar
[
43. Seo, S., Chu, B., Noh, Y., Jang, W., Lee, S., Seo, Y., & Chang, D. (2016) An economic evaluation of operating expenditures for LNG fuel gas supply systems onboard ocean-going ships considering availability. Ships and Offshore Structures, 11(2), 213-223.10.1080/17445302.2014.984389
]Search in Google Scholar
[
44. Stalmokaitė, I., & Yliskylä-Peuralahti, J. (2019) Sustainability transitions in Baltic Sea shipping: exploring the responses of firms to regulatory changes. Sustainability, 11(7), 1916.10.3390/su11071916
]Search in Google Scholar
[
45. Sys, C., Vanelslander, T., Adriaenssens, M., & Van Rillaer, I. (2016) International emission regulation in sea transport: Economic feasibility and impact. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 45, 139-151.10.1016/j.trd.2015.06.009
]Search in Google Scholar
[
46. Topsoe (2020) Ammonia – an industrial view of ammonia as a marine fuel; Alfa Laval, Hafnia, Haldor Topsoe, Vestas, and Siemens Gamesa; Denmark.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
47. Valera-Medina, A., Amer-Hatem, F., Azad, A. K., Dedoussi, I. C., De Joannon, M., Fernandes, R. X., ... & Costa, M. (2021) Review on ammonia as a potential fuel: from synthesis to economics. Energy & Fuels, 35(9), 6964-7029.10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c03685
]Search in Google Scholar
[
48. Valera-Medina, A., Pugh, D. G., Marsh, P., Bulat, G., & Bowen, P. (2017) Preliminary study on lean premixed combustion of ammonia-hydrogen for swirling gas turbine combustors. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(38), 24495-24503.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.028
]Search in Google Scholar
[
49. van Aardenne, J., Colette, A., Degraeuwe, B., Hammingh, P., Viana, M., and Vlieger, I. (2013) The impact of international shipping on European air quality and climate forcing, Technical Report No. 4/2013, EEA (European Environment Agency), Copenhagen, Denmark, 1–84, 2013.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
50. Vedachalam, S., Baquerizo, N., & Dalai, A. K. (2022) Review on impacts of low sulfur regulations on marine fuels and compliance options. Fuel, 310, 122243.10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122243
]Search in Google Scholar
[
51. Wan, Z., Tao, Y., Shao, J., Zhang, Y., & You, H. (2021) Ammonia as an effective hydrogen carrier and a clean fuel for solid oxide fuel cells. Energy Conversion and Management, 228, 113729.10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113729
]Search in Google Scholar
[
52. Xing, H., Spence, S., & Chen, H. (2020) A comprehensive review on countermeasures for CO2 emissions from ships. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 134, 110222.10.1016/j.rser.2020.110222
]Search in Google Scholar
[
53. Zamfirescu, C., & Dincer, I. (2008) Using ammonia as a sustainable fuel. Journal of Power Sources, 185(1), 459-465.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.097
]Search in Google Scholar
[
54. Zis, T. P., & Cullinane, K. (2020) The desulphurisation of shipping: Past, present and the future under a global cap. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 82, 102316.
]Search in Google Scholar