[
Acharya, R. (2019). Foreign trade and economic growth of Nepal: An ARDL approach. Economic Review of Nepal, 2(1), 183-201.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Adam, C. (2024). Monetary policy and macroeconomic management in Africa. In Handbook of African Economic Development (pp. 99-114). Edward Elgar Publishing.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
AFDB, 2024. African Development Bank statistics and the International. Monetary Fund’s AFRICAN ECONOMIC OUTLOOK 2024 Driving Africa’s Transformation. The Reform of the Global Financial Architecture.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ahmadi, R., & Ghanbarzadeh, M. (2011). Openness, economic growth and FDI: Evidence from Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 10(2), 168-173.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ajide, K. B. (2024). Exploring the relationship between Trade openness, FDI, and Economic Complexity in Africa. The International Trade Journal, 1-27.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Alhassan, T. F., Ansah, E. O., Niyazbekova, S. U., & Blokhina, T. K. (2024). The impact of foreign investment in financing sustainable development in Sub-Saharan African countries. Russian Journal of Economics, 10(1), 60-83.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Amadou, A. (2013). Is There a Causal Relation between Trade Openness and Economic Growth in the WAEMU Countries? International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(6), 151-156.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Andrei, J. V., Armeanu, D. Ș., Gherghina, Ş. C., & Joldeș, C. C. (2025). The nexus between CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investment, and economic growth: evidence across different income groups of countries. Environmental Research Communications.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Anyanwu, J. C., & Salami, A. O. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on African economies: An introduction. African Development Review, 33(Suppl 1), S1.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Banday, U. J., Murugan, S., & Maryam, J. (2021). Foreign direct investment, trade openness and economic growth in BRICS countries: evidences from panel data. Transnational Corporations Review, 13(2), 211-221.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bangake, C., & Eggoh, J. C. (2012). Pooled Mean Group estimation on international capital mobility in African countries. Research in Economics, 66(1), 7-17.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Barlow, M., & Grugel, J. (2024). Regional governance, gender and the COVID-19 pandemic in the global south. Globalizations, 1-20.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a Cross-sectional of countries. The quarterly journal of economics, 106(2), 407-443.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ben Abdallah, A. (2024). The relationship between trade openness, foreign direct investment inflows, and economic growth in Middle East and north of Africa region: autoregressive distributed lag model vs. vector error correction model. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(1), 1118-1141.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Beyene, A. B. (2024). Governance quality and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: the dynamic panel model. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 40(2), 404-418.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bi, M., & Zhang, Z. (2024). Exploring the path of autonomous development: The development dilemma and coping strategies of Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-epidemic era. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(1), 5043-5071.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chigeto, A. D., Jayamohan, M. K., & Ayeru, E. (2024). Does financial development and institutional quality matter in South-South Trade? Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Research in Globalization, 8, 100209.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dahal, A. K., Bhattarai, G., & Budhathoki, P. B. (2024). Impact of foreign trade and foreign direct investment on economic growth: Empirical insights from Nepal. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(1), 390-400.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dahmani, L., & Makram, H. (2024). Fostering Economic Growth through Financial Stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Business and Economic Options, 7(4), 13-22.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Desalegn, G., Tangl, A., & Fekete-Farkas, M. (2022). From short-term risk to long-term strategic challenges: reviewing the consequences of geopolitics and COVID-19 on economic performance. Sustainability, 14(21), 14455.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dinh, H. T. (2021). Africa’s Development Issues after Covid-19 (No. 1939). Policy Center for the New South.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Edwards, S., 1992. Trade orientation, distortions and growth in developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 39(1), 31–57.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
El-wassal, K. (2012). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Arab countries (1970-2008): An Inquiry into determinants of growth benefits. Journal of Development Economics, 37(4), 79-100.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Flexner, N. (2000). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Bolivia, 1990-1998. Economic Policy Division, Central Bank of Bolivia, La Paz–Bolivia.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Foabeh, P. A., & Aumeboonsuke, V. (2024). Resilience of developing economies to external shocks: empirical evidence from CEMAC countries. Journal of Advances in Management Research.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gallagher, K. P., Ramos, L., Were, A., & Zucker-Marques, M. (2023). Africa’s Inconvenient Truth: Debt Distress and Climate-Resilient Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Granger, C. W. (1988). Some recent development in a concept of causality. Journal of econometrics, 39(1), 199-211.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1991). Trade, knowledge spillovers, and growth. European Economic Review, 35(2), 517-526.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hamadjoda Lefe, Y. D., Mom Njong, A., & Edeme, R. K. (2024). A vision of achieving food security: does physical infrastructure matter? A Sub-Saharan African perspective. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 2350146.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 48(6), 1251-1271.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hedeshi, M. (2024). Industrial Recovery in Post-Pandemic Sub-Saharan Africa. Transformative Innovation in Times of Change, 324.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hosein, R., Gookool, R., Saridakis, G., & Sookram, S. (2024). Leveraging growth spillovers to navigate CARICOM trade relations in the post-COVID-19 global space. EuroMed Journal of Business, 19(4), 798-817.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
ILO (2022). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2022. Geneva: ILO.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
IMF. (2020). World economic outlook: A long and difficult ascent. October. Washington, DC.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Islam, M. S. (2021). Dynamics of energy use, technological innovation, economic growth, and trade openness in Bangladesh. Econ. Bull, 41(3), 997-1008.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Khan, M. A., Máté, D., Abdulahi, M. E., Sadaf, R., Khan, M. A., Popp, J., & Oláh, J. (2024). Do institutional quality, innovation and technologies promote financial market development? European Journal of International Management, 22(3), 484-507.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kothare, R. (1999). Does India’s Population Growth Has A Positive Effect on Economic Growth? Social Science, 410(1), 2-14.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Legg, C., & Sembene, D. (2022). The IMF and Capacity Development—Case Studies for Africa. IEO Background Paper No. BP/22-02/01 (Washington: International Monetary Fund).
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lensink, R., & Morrissey, O. (2001). Foreign direct investment: Flows, volatility and growth in developing countries. University of Groningen.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & James Chu, C. S. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Magar, U. B. R. (2021). The Trend Analysis of Foreign Trade and Economic Growth of Nepal. The Journal of Economic Concerns, 12(1), 112-122.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ndambiri, H. K., Ritho, C., Ng’ang’a, S. I., Kubowon, P. C., Mairura, F. C., Nyangweso, P. M., & Cherotwo, F. H. (2012). Determinants of economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A panel data approach. Management, 2(2), 18-24.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ogudu, N. H., Pan, D. Q., & Wu, S. (2023). The Nexus between Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness, and Economic Growth of Nigeria. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-31.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ojeka, O. J., Egbetunde, T., Okoduwa, G. O., Ojeyode, A. O., Jimoh, M., & Ogunbowale, G. O. (2024). Moderating effect of institutional quality on the influence of debt on investment in sub-Saharan Africa. Future Business Journal, 10(1), 76.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel co-integration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric theory, 20(03), 597-625.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Raga, S. (2024). External shock financing and economic development: Implications for future reforms to the global financing architecture. ODI Report.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rahman, M. (2024). Foreign Direct Investment and Risks in Asia and Africa. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 13, 344-348.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rakshit, B. (2022). Dynamics between trade openness, FDI and economic growth: evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, 21(1), 16-41.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sahu, J. P. (2021). Does inflow of foreign direct investment stimulate economic growth? Evidence from developing countries. Transnational Corporations Review, 13(4), 376-393.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sakyi, D., Villaverde, J., Maza, A., & Reddy Chittedi, K. (2012). Trade openness, growth and development: evidence from heterogeneous panel cointegration analysis for middle-income countries. Cuadernos de Economía, 31(SPE57), 21-40.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Simões, M. C. (2011). Education composition and growth: A pooled mean group analysis of OECD countries. Panoeconomicus, 58(4), 455-471.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Simon, J. L. (1981). Population: The ultimate resource, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Soumtang Bime, V., Mignamissi, D., & Koumis Ngagni, A. C. (2024). Does financial openness matter for economic transformation in sub-Saharan Africa? Economic Change and Restructuring, 57(2), 19.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Tleppayev, A., Zeinolla, S., Tyulyubayeva, D., & Aben, A. (2025). Education, Institutions, and Investment as Determinants of Economic Growth in Central Asia and the Caucasus: A Panel Data Analysis. Economies, 13(3), 78.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ukwueze, E. R., Ogbonna, O. E., Nwodo, O. S., Urama, C. E., Onyechi, T. G., & Mba, A. J. (2021). Sub-Saharan African (SSA) Growth Trajectory: How Far has Knowledge Contributed? In Comparative Advantage in the Knowledge Economy (pp. 11-24). Emerald Publishing Limited.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
WDI, (2024). The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2023.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data*. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 69(6), 709-748.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
World Bank. (2020). Global economic prospects, June 2020. World Bank.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wudil, A. H., Usman, M., Rosak-Szyrocka, J., Pilař, L., & Boye, M. (2022). Reversing years for global food security: A review of the food security situation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). International Journal of environmental research and Public Health, 19(22), 14836.
]Search in Google Scholar
