Classification of sand As per ISSCS (Indian Standard Soil Classification | SP |
Specific gravity | 2.64 |
Coefficient of curvature(Cc) | 1.13 |
Uniformity coefficient(Cu) | 2.62 |
Maximum void ratio(emax) | 0.87 |
Minimum void ratio(emin) | 0.55 |
Natural void ratio(enatural) | 0.68 |
Maximum dry unit weight (kN/m3) | 16.46 |
Minimum dry unit weight (kN/m3) | 13.62 |
Natural dry unit weight (kN/m3) | 15.24 |
Angle of shearing resistance (¢) (Direct Shear Test) | 32.6° |
Relative Density | 50% |
Surface footing | 35.45 | 34.19 | 31.80 | ||
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.0 | 50.06 | 47.98 | 33.77 | ||
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.5 | 59.55 | 53.04 | 34.94 | ||
Footing with confiner | D/B = 1.0; d/B = 2.0 | 67.02 | 57.42 | 35.18 | |
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.0 | 48.91 | 46.52 | 32.81 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.5 | 53.45 | 48.59 | 33.71 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 2.0 | 57.1 | 50.81 | 34.49 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 1.0 | 46.43 | 44.25 | 30.56 | ||
D/B = 2.0 ; d/B = 1.5 | 48.61 | 46.49 | 30.87 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 2.0 | 50.42 | 47.28 | 31.15 | ||
Footing with confiner and horizontal reinforcement | D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.0 | 0.25B | 79.93 | 69.64 | 59.47 |
0.5B | 73.13 | 62.94 | 54.29 | ||
0.75B | 62.56 | 50.83 | 45.59 | ||
1B | 55.55 | 48.49 | 42.49 | ||
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.5 | 0.25B | 101.74 | 83.16 | 76.10 | |
0.5B | 90.5 | 80.28 | 71.39 | ||
0.75B | 84.37 | 66.57 | 57.39 | ||
1B | 70.9 | 60.45 | 50.09 | ||
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 2.0 | 0.25B | 105.96 | 91.54 | 84.89 | |
0.5B | 90.5 | 85.12 | 78.49 | ||
0.75B | 85.78 | 77.34 | 69.69 | ||
1B | 78.43 | 64.82 | 51.29 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.0 | 0.25B | 120.20 | 102.30 | 83.42 | |
0.5B | 96.21 | 89.0 | 73.4 | ||
0.75B | 82.13 | 76.39 | 59.55 | ||
1B | 61.10 | 59.40 | 53.64 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.5 | 0.25B | 171.10 | 146.44 | 102.47 | |
0.5B | 110.0 | 94.42 | 77.89 | ||
0.75B | 82.51 | 80 | 69.47 | ||
1B | 62.80 | 61.76 | 54.31 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 2.0 | 0.25B | 213.91 | 195.31 | 127.29 | |
0.5B | 138.75 | 118.91 | 98.01 | ||
0.75B | 85.52 | 82.6 | 73.67 | ||
1B | 62.80 | 65 | 60.91 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 1.0 | 0.25B | 136.0 | 110.53 | 102.44 | |
0.5B | 102.91 | 91.71 | 86.11 | ||
0.75B | 87.22 | 84.23 | 74.23 | ||
1B | 75.54 | 73.4 | 57.89 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 1.5 | 0.25B | 177.62 | 146.0 | 114.9 | |
0.5B | 123.8 | 100.5 | 92.9 | ||
0.75B | 91.1 | 85.12 | 76.38 | ||
1B | 80.0 | 75.23 | 66.41 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 2.0 | 0.25B | 228.22 | 188.57 | 134.39 | |
0.5B | 151.10 | 143.72 | 102.2 | ||
0.75B | 111.21 | 102.66 | 86.14 | ||
1B | 90.0 | 81.4 | 69.47 |
Surface footing | |||||
Footing with confiner | D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.0 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.10 | |
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.5 | 0.54 | 0.48 | 0.14 | ||
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 2.0 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.18 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.0 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.06 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.5 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.08 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 2.0 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.10 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 1.0 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.003 | ||
D/B = 2.0 ; d/B = 1.5 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.01 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 2.0 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.02 | ||
Footing with confiner and horizontal reinforcement | D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.0 | 0.25B | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.60 |
0.5B | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.52 | ||
0.75B | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.37 | ||
1B | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.31 | ||
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.5 | 0.25B | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.65 | |
0.5B | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.63 | ||
0.75B | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.49 | ||
1B | 0.53 | 0.42 | 0.41 | ||
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 2.0 | 0.25B | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.78 | |
0.5B | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.64 | ||
0.75B | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.58 | ||
1B | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.43 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.0 | 0.25B | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.68 | |
0.5B | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.59 | ||
0.75B | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.52 | ||
1B | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.41 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.5 | 0.25B | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.73 | |
0.5B | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.66 | ||
0.75B | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.55 | ||
1B | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.43 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 2.0 | 0.25B | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.79 | |
0.5B | 0.77 | 0.73 | 0.69 | ||
0.75B | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.55 | ||
1B | 0.59 | 0.43 | 0.42 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 1.0 | 0.25B | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.79 | |
0.5B | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.69 | ||
0.75B | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.57 | ||
1B | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.49 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 1.5 | 0.25B | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.78 | |
0.5B | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.72 | ||
0.75B | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.64 | ||
1B | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.51 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 2.0 | 0.25B | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.80 | |
0.5B | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.76 | ||
0.75B | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.65 | ||
1B | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.52 |
A | Only footing (surface footing) | i=0,5°,10°,20° | 4 | |
B | Footing with confiner | d/B=1,1.5,2 |
D/B=1.0 | 9 |
d/B=1,1.5,2 | D/B=1.5 | 9 | ||
i= 5°,10°,20° |
D/B=2.0 | 9 | ||
C | Footing with confiner and reinforcement | d/B=1,1.5,2; N=1–8 |
D/B=1.0,L/B=1, y/B=0.1B | 36 |
d/B=1,1.5,2; N=1–8 |
D/B=1.5,L/B=1.5, y/B=0.1B | 36 | ||
N=1–8 |
D/B=2.0,L/B=2.0, y/B=0.1B | 36 |
Surface footing | |||||
Footing with confiner | D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.0 | 1.41 | 1.4 | 1.10 | |
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.5 | 1.67 | 1.55 | 1.14 | ||
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 2.0 | 1.89 | 1.67 | 1.15 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.0 | 1.37 | 1.36 | 1.07 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.42 | 1.1 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 2.0 | 1.61 | 1.48 | 1.13 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.29 | 1.0 | ||
D/B = 2.0 ; d/B = 1.5 | 1.37 | 1.35 | 1.01 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 2.0 | 1.42 | 1.38 | 1.02 | ||
Footing with confiner and horizontal reinforcement | D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.0 | 0.25B | 2.25 | 2.04 | 1.95 |
0.5B | 2.06 | 1.84 | 1.73 | ||
0.75B | 1.76 | 1.48 | 1.49 | ||
1B | 1.56 | 1.41 | 1.39 | ||
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 1.5 | 0.25B | 2.87 | 2.43 | 2.5 | |
0.5B | 2.55 | 2.35 | 2.34 | ||
0.75B | 2.38 | 1.95 | 1.88 | ||
1B | 2.00 | 1.77 | 1.64 | ||
D/B = 1.0; d/B = 2.0 | 0.25B | 3.00 | 2.68 | 2.78 | |
0.5B | 2.55 | 2.49 | 2.57 | ||
0.75B | 2.42 | 2.26 | 2.28 | ||
1B | 2.21 | 1.90 | 1.68 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.0 | 0.25B | 3.39 | 3.0 | 2.74 | |
0.5B | 2.71 | 2.61 | 2.41 | ||
0.75B | 2.31 | 2.23 | 1.95 | ||
1B | 1.72 | 1.73 | 1.76 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 1.5 | 0.25B | 4.82 | 4.29 | 3.36 | |
0.5B | 3.1 | 2.76 | 2.55 | ||
0.75B | 2.32 | 2.33 | 2.28 | ||
1B | 1.77 | 1.8 | 1.78 | ||
D/B = 1.5; d/B = 2.0 | 0.25B | 6.03 | 5.71 | 4.18 | |
0.5B | 3.91 | 3.47 | 3.21 | ||
0.75B | 2.41 | 2.41 | 2.42 | ||
1B | 1.91 | 1.9 | 2.0 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 1.0 | 0.25B | 3.83 | 3.23 | 3.36 | |
0.5B | 2.9 | 2.68 | 2.82 | ||
0.75B | 2.45 | 2.46 | 2.43 | ||
1B | 2.12 | 2.14 | 1.9 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 1.5 | 0.25B | 5.0 | 4.27 | 3.77 | |
0.5B | 3.49 | 2.93 | 3.05 | ||
0.75B | 2.56 | 2.48 | 2.5 | ||
1B | 2.25 | 2.19 | 2.18 | ||
D/B = 2.0; d/B = 2.0 | 0.25B | 6.43 | 5.51 | 4.41 | |
0.5B | 4.25 | 4.2 | 3.35 | ||
0.75B | 3.13 | 3.0 | 2.82 | ||
1B | 2.54 | 2.38 | 2.28 |