Multi-Parametric Analysis of a District Cooling System Integrated with Energy Storage Technologies: A Case Study of a University Campus in Northern Europe

[1] WMO. WMO confirms 2024 as warmest year on record at about 1.55°C above pre-industrial level. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. Available: https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-confirms-2024-warmest-year-record-about-155degc-above-pre-industrial-level Search in Google Scholar

[2] Gibbens S. How global warming is disrupting life on Earth. National Geographic Partners. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. Available: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-warming-effects Search in Google Scholar

[3] Behmane E., Pakere I. Mapping of Energy Consumption for Cooling – Assessment of the Cooling Demand Potential for the City of Riga. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2024:28(1):230–242. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2024-0019 Search in Google Scholar

[4] IEA. The Future of Cooling. 2018. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-cooling Search in Google Scholar

[5] UNEP. Global Cooling Watch 2023 - Keeping it Chill: How to Meet Cooling Demands while Cutting Emissions. Dec. 2023. https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/44243 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Piel E., Mata C. DHC Market Outlook 2024, 2024. Search in Google Scholar

[7] Inayat A., Raza M. District cooling system via renewable energy sources: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019:107:360–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.023 Search in Google Scholar

[8] IEA. Global air conditioner stock (1990–2050). [Online]. [Accessed 07.04.2025]. Available: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-air-conditioner-stock-1990-2050 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Dai W., Xia W., Li B., Goh H., Zhang Z., Wen F., Ding C. Increase the integration of renewable energy using flexibility of source-network-load-storage in district cooling system. Journal of Cleaner Production 2024:441:140682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140682 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Lepiksaar K., Mašatin V., Krupenski I., Volkova A. Effects of Coupling Combined Heat and Power Production with District Cooling. Energies (Basel) 2023:16(12):4552. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124552 Search in Google Scholar

[11] Huang Z. F., Soh K. Y., Islam M. R., Chua K. J. Development of a novel grid-free district cooling system considering blockchain-based demand response management. Applied Energy 2023:342:121152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121152 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Kirs T., Sukumaran S., Latõšov E., Volkova A. Use of Absorption Heat Pumps to Raise District Cooling Waste Heat Temperature for District Heating Supply in Tallinn: Technical and Economic Analysis. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2024:28(1):409–421. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2024-0032 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Zhang W., Hong W., Jin X. Research on performance and control strategy of multi-cold source district cooling system. Energy 2022:239:122057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122057 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Al Quabeh H., Saab R., Ali M. I. H. Chilled Water Storage Feasibility with District Cooling Chiller in Tropical Environment. Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems 2020:8(1):132–144. https://doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d7.0259 Search in Google Scholar

[15] He J., Guo Z., Li Y. Multi-objective optimization of district cooling systems considering cooling load characteristics. Energy Conversion and Management 2023:281:116823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116823 Search in Google Scholar

[16] Gunasekara S. N., Bilek Z., Edén T., Martin V. Distributed cold storage in district cooling – Grid dynamics and optimal integration for a Swedish case study. Energy Reports 2021:7(S4):419–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.086 Search in Google Scholar

[17] Anderson A., Rezaie B., Rosen M. A. An innovative approach to enhance sustainability of a district cooling system by adjusting cold thermal storage and chiller operation. Energy 2021:214:118949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118949 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Majid M. A. A., Nasir M., Waluyo J. Operation and Performance of a Thermal Energy Storage System: A Case Study of Campus Cooling using Cogeneration Plant. Energy Procedia 2012:14:1280–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1089 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Alghool D. M., ElMekkawy T. Y., Haouari M., Elomri A. Optimal design and operation of conventional, solar electric, and solar thermal district cooling systems. Energy Science & Engineering 2022:10(2):324–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1033 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Thakar K., Patel R., Patel G. Techno-economic analysis of district cooling system: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021:313:127812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127812 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Adami G., Figari M. Multi-Parametric Methodology for the Feasibility Assessment of Alternative-Fuelled Ships. Marine Science and Engineering 2024:12(6):905. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12060905 Search in Google Scholar

[22] Hiltunen P., Volkova A., Latõšov E., Lepiksaar K., Syri S. Transition towards university campus carbon neutrality by connecting to city district heating network. Energy Reports 2022:8:9493–9505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.055 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Rämä M., Sokka L., Pursiheimo E., Klobut K., Koponen K. Report on implementation of the planning tool. 2018. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. Available: https://www.indigo-project.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/D5.2_ver_03092018.pdf Search in Google Scholar

[24] Rämä M., Pursiheimo E., Sokka L., Klobut K. New tool for planning district cooling systems. In 13^th SDEWES Conference, the Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 2018. [Online]. [Accessed 14.03.2025]. https://cris.vtt.fi/ws/portalfiles/portal/26356750/SDEWES18_FP_619.pdf Search in Google Scholar

[25] Räma M., Sokka L., Pursiheimo E., Klobut K., Koponen K. Indigo Planning Tool Manual. 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 07.04.2025]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4436291 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Lo A., Lau B., Cheng V. Challenges of District Cooling System (DCS) Implementation in Hong Kong. In Sustainable Building 2013 Hong Kong Regional Conference, 2013. [Online]. [Accessed 03.04.2025]. Available: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC26576.pdf Search in Google Scholar

[27] Volkova A., Hlebnikov A., Ledvanov A., Kirs T., Raudsepp U., Latõšov E. District Cooling Network Planning. A Case Study of Tallinn. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management 2022:34:63–78. https://doi.org/10.54337/ijsepm.7011 Search in Google Scholar

[28] Mugnini A., Coccia G., Polonara F., Arteconi A. Potential of District Cooling Systems: A Case Study on Recovering Cold Energy from Liquefied Natural Gas Vaporization. Energies (Basel) 2019:12(15):3027. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12153027 Search in Google Scholar