[
1. Guttmacher AE, Marchk DA, White RI Jr. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(14):918–24.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
2. Rendu HJLM. Épistaxis répétées chez un sujet porteur de petits angiomes cutanés et muqueux. Bull Soc med Hosp. 1896;13:731-3.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
3. Osler W. On a family form of recurring epistaxis, associated with multiple telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1901;12:333–7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
4. Weber FP. Multiple hereditary developmental angiomata (telangiectases) of the skin and mucous membranes associated with recurring haemorrhages. Lancet. 1907;2:160–2.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
5. Puente RZ, Bueno J, Salcedo M, Cuesta JM, Marqués S, Menendez C, et al. Epidemiology of Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) in Spain. Hereditary Genet. 2016;5(3):173. DOI:10.4172/2161-1041.1000173.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
6. Govani FS, Shovlin CL. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: a clinical and scientific review. Eur J Hum Genet. 2009;17(7):860-71. DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.35. Epub 2009 Apr 1.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
7. Lesca G, Genin E, Blachier C, Olivieri C, Coulet F, Brunet G, et al. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: evidence for regional founder effects of ACVRL1 mutations in French and Italian patients. Eur J Hum Genet. 2008;16(6):742-9. DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.3. Epub 2008 Feb 20.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
8. Kjeldsen AD, Vase P, Green A. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: a population-based study of prevalence and mortality in Danish patients. J Intern Med. 1999;245(1):31–9.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
9. Westermann CJ, Rosina AF, De Vries V, de Coteau PA. The prevalence and manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in the Afro-Caribbean population of the Netherlands Antilles: a family screening. Am J Med Genet A. 2003;116A(4):324–8.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
10. Jessurun GA, Kamphuis DJ, van der Zande FH, Nossent JC. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in The Netherlands Antilles. High prevalence of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia-related single and multiple arteriovenous malformations. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1993;95(3):193-8.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
11. Faughnan ME, Palda VA, Garcia-Tsao G, Geisthoff UW, McDonald J, Proctor DD, et al. International guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Med Genet. 2011;48(2):73-87. DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2009.069013. Epub 2009 Jun 23.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
12. McDonald J, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Pyeritz RE. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an overview of diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis. Genet Med. 2011;13(7):607-16. DOI: 10.1097/GIM.0b013e3182136d32.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
13. Duffau P, Lazarro E, Viallard JF. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Rev Med Interne. 2014;35(1):21-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2013.02.022. Epub 2013 Mar 19.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
14. Lee ST, Kim JA, Jang SY, Kim DK, Do YS, Suh GY, et al, Clinical features and mutations in the ENG, ACVRL1, and SMAD4 genes in Korean patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24(1):69-76. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.1.69.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
15. Shovlin CL Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Blood Rev. 2010;24(6):203-19. DOI: 10.1016/j. blre.2010.07.001. Epub 2010 Sep 25.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
16. Jackson SB, Villano NP, Benhammou JN, Lewis M, Pisegna JR, Padua D. Gastrointestinal manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT): a systematic review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62(10):2623-30. DOI:10.1007/s10620-017-4719-3. Epub 2017 Aug 23.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
17. Garcia-Tsao G. Liver involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). J Hepatol. 2007;46(3):499–507.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
18. Dupuis-Girod S, Cottin V, Shovlin CL. The lung in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Respiration. 2017;94(4):315-30. DOI: 10.1159/000479632. Epub 2017 Aug 30.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
19. Narsinh KH, Ramaswamy R, Kinney TB. Management of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2013;30(4):408-12. DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1359736.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
20. Brinjikji W, Iyer VN, Wood CP, Lanzino G. Prevalence and characteristics of brain arteriovenous malformations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(2):302-10. DOI: 10.3171/2016.7.JNS16847. Epub 2016 Oct 21.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
21. Brinjikji W, Nasr DM, Cloft HJ, Iyer VN, Lanzino G. Spinal arteriovenous fistulae in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: A case report and systematic review of the literature. Interv Neuroradiol. 2016;22(3):354-61. DOI: 10.1177/1591019915623560. Epub 2016 Jan 27.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
22. Shovlin CL, Guttmacher AE, Buscarini E, Faughnan ME, Hyland RH, Westermann CJ, et al. Diagnostic criteria for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome) Am J Med Genet. 2000;91(1):66-7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
23. Zarrabeitia R, Albiñana V, Salcedo M, Señaris-Gonzalez B, Fernandez-Forcelledo JL, Botella LM. A Review on Clinical management and pharmacological therapy on hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Cur Vasc Pharmacol. 2010;8(4):473-81.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
24. Garg N, Khunger M, Gupta A, Kumar N. Optimal management of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Blood Med. 2014;5:191–206. DOI: 10.2147/JBM.S45295.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
25. Mei-Zahav M, Blau H, Bruckheimer E, Zur E, Goldschmidt N. Topical propranolol improves epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia - a preliminary report. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;46(1):58. DOI: 10.1186/s40463-017-0235-x.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
26. Gaillard S, Dupuis-Girod S, Boutitie F, Riviere S, Moriniere S, Hatron PY, et al. Tranexamic acid for epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients: a European cross-over controlled trial in a rare disease. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(9):1494-502. DOI: 10.1111/jth.12654. Epub 2014 Jul 29.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
27. Geisthoff UW, Seyfert UT, Kübler M, Bieg B, Plinkert PK, König J. Treatment of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with tranexamic acid - a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over phase IIIB study. Thromb Res. 2014;134(3):565-71. DOI: 10.1016/j. thromres.2014.06.012. Epub 2014 Jun 16.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
28. 28. Sabbà C, Gallitelli M, Palasciano G. Efficacy of unusually high doses of tranexamic acid for the treatment of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:926. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200109203451216.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
29. Jameson JJ, Cave DR. Hormonal and antihormonal therapy for epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(4):705-9.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
30. Fang J, Chen X, Zhu B, Ye H, Zhang W, Guan J, et al. Thalidomide for epistaxis in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a preliminary study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157(2):217-21. DOI: 10.1177/0194599817700573. Epub 2017 Apr 18.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
31. Lebrin F, Srun S, Raymond K, Martin S, van den Brinks S, Freitas C, et al. Thalidomide stimulates vessel maturation and reduces epistaxis in individuals with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Nat Med. 2010;16(4):420-8. DOI: 10.1038/hm.2131. Epub 2010 Apr 4.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
32. Franchini M, Frattini F, Crestani S, Bonfanti C. Novel treatments for epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangectasia: a systematic review of the clinical experience with thalidomide. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2013;36(3):355-7. DOI: 10.1007/s11239-012-0840-5.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
33. Invernizzi R, Quaglia F, Klersy C, Pagella F, Ornati F, Chu F, et al. Efficacy and safety of thalidomide for the treatment of severe recurrent epistaxis in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: results of a non-randomised, single-centre, phase 2 study. Lancet Haematol. 2015;2(11):e465–73. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(15)00195-7. Epub 2015 Oct 27.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
34. Penaloza A, Vekemans MC, Lambert C, Hermans C. Deep vein thrombosis induced by thalidomide to control epistaxis secondary to hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2011;22(7):616-8. DOI: 10.1097/MBC.0b013e32834a040c.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
35. Yaniv E, Preis M, Hadar T, Shvero J, Haddad M. Antiestrogen therapy for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(2):284-8. DOI: 10.1002/lary.20065.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
36. Yaniv E, Preis M, Shevro J, Nageris B, Hadar T. Anti-estrogen therapy for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia - a long-term clinical trial. Rhinology. 2011;49(2):214-6. DOI: 10.4193/Rhino09.201.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
37. Dheyauldeen S, Østertun Geirdal A, Osnes T, Vartdal LS, Dollner R. Bevacizumab in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia-associated epistaxis: effectiveness of an injection protocol based on the vascular anatomy of the nose. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(6):1210-4. DOI: 10.1002/lary.23303. Epub 2012 May 7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
38. Kini SD, Yiu DW, Weisberg RA, Davila JF, Chelius DC. Bevacizumab as treatment for epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a literature review. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2019;128(5):467-71. DOI: 10.1177/0003489419826139. Epub 2019 Jan 29.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
39. Stokes P, Rimmer J. Intranasal bevacizumab in the treatment of HHT -related epistaxis: a systematic review. Rhinology. 2018;56(1):3-10.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
40. de Gussem EM, Snijder RJ, Disch FJ, Zanen P, Westermann CJ, Mager JJ. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on epistaxis and quality of life in patients with HHT: a pilot study. Rhinology. 2009;47(1):85-8.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
41. Woodworth BA, Chandra RK, LeBenger JD, Ilie B, Schlosser RJ. A gelatin-thrombin matrix for hemostasis after endoscopic sinus surgery. Am J Otolaryngol. 2009;30(1):49–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2007.11.008. Epub 2008 Jun 16.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
42. Buiret G, Pavic M, Pignat JC, Pasquet F. Gelatin-thrombin matrix: a new and simple way to manage recurrent epistaxis in hematology units. Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2013;2013:851270. DOI: 10.1155/2013/851270. Epub 2013 May 23.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
43. Catone E, Marino A, Castagna G, Sicignano S, Rega F, Di Rubbo V, et al. A novel approach to manage recurrent epistaxis in outpatients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(8):952. E1-952.E2. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.02.005.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
44. Warner L, Halliday J, James K, de Carpentier J. Domiciliary floseal prevents admission for epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(10):2238-40. DOI: 10.1002/lary.24701. Epub 2014 May 2.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
45. Pagella F, Matti E, Chu F, Pusateri A, Tinelli C, Olivieri C, et al. Argon plasma coagulation is an effective treatment for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients with severe nosebleeds. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013;133(2):174-80. DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2012.718097. Epub 2012 Oct 15.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
46. Mortuaire G, Boute O, Hatron PY, Chevalier D. Pilot study of submucosal radiofrequency for epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Rhinology. 2013;51(4):355-60. DOI: 10.4193/Rhin13.027.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
47. Poetker DM. Endoscopic-guided coblation treatment of nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: “How I do it”. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2017;31(3):205-6. DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4427.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
48. Fiorella ML, Ross D, Henderson KJ, White RI Jr. Outcome of septal dermoplasty in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(2):301-5.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
49. Levine CG, Ross DA, Henderson KJ, Leder SB, White RI Jr. Long-term complications of septal dermoplasty in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;138(6):721-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2008.01.005.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
50. Lund VJ, Darby Y, Rimmer J, Amin M, Husain S. Nasal closure for severe hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia in 100 patients. The Lund modification of the Young’s procedure: a 22-year experience. Rhinology. 2017;55(2):135-41. DOI: 10.4193/Rhin16.315.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
51. Ting JY, Remenschneider A, Holbrook EH. Management of severe epistaxis after Young’s procedure: a case report. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2013;3(4):334-7. DOI: 10.1002/alr.21099. Epub 2012 Oct 25
]Search in Google Scholar