[
1. Runyon BA Hepatorenal syndrome, 2020; Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatorenal-syndrome.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
2. Velez J, Therapondos G, Juncos LA, Reappraising the spectrum of AKI and hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2020. 16: 137–155.10.1038/s41581-019-0218-431723234
]Search in Google Scholar
[
3. Wadei HM, Mai M, Ahsan N, Gonwa T, Hepatorenal Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Management. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2006. 1: 1066–1079.10.2215/CJN.0134040617699328
]Search in Google Scholar
[
4. Tandon P, James M, Abraldes J, Karvellas C, Ye F, Pannu N, Relevance of New Definitions to Incidence and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Patients with Cirrhosis: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study. PLoS One, 2016. 11: e0160394.10.1371/journal.pone.0160394497846627504876
]Search in Google Scholar
[
5. Tsien CD, Rabie R, Wong F Acute kidney injury in decompensated cirrhosis. Gut, 2013. 62: 131–7.10.1136/gutjnl-2011-30125522637695
]Search in Google Scholar
[
6. Angeli P, Ginès P, Wong F, Bernardi M, Boyer T, Gerbes A et al., Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. J Hepatol, 2015. 62: 968–74.10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.02925638527
]Search in Google Scholar
[
7. Tariq R, Singal AK, Management of Hepatorenal Syndrome: A Review. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2020. 8: 192–199.10.14218/JCTH.2020.00011743835632832400
]Search in Google Scholar
[
8. Pickering JW, Endre ZH, The definition and detection of acute kidney injury. J Renal Inj Prev, 2014. 3: 21–5.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
9. Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, Nadim MK, Parikh CR, News in pathophysiology, definition and classification of hepatorenal syndrome: A step beyond the International Club of Ascites (ICA) consensus document. J Hepatol, 2019. 71: 811–822.10.1016/j.jhep.2019.07.00231302175
]Search in Google Scholar
[
10. Salerno F, Gerbes A, Ginès P, Wong F, Arroyo V, Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Postgrad Med J, 2008. 84: 662–70.10.1136/gut.2006.107789195497117389705
]Search in Google Scholar
[
11. Arroyo V, Ginès P, Gerbes AL, Dudley FJ, Gentilini P, Laffi G, et al., Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. International Ascites Club. Hepatology, 1996. 23:164–76.10.1002/hep.5102301228550036
]Search in Google Scholar
[
12. Ginès P, Schrier RW, Renal failure in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med, 2009. 361: 1279–90.10.1056/NEJMra080913919776409
]Search in Google Scholar
[
13. Devuni D, Hepatorenal Syndrome. 2017; Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/178208-overview#a7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
14. Carvalho GC, Regis Cde A, Kalil JR, Cerqueira LA, Barbosa DS, Motta MP, et al., Causes of renal failure in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and its impact in hospital mortality. Ann Hepatol, 2012. 11:90–5.10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31491-7
]Search in Google Scholar
[
15. Al-Khafaji A, Nadim MK, and Kellum JA, Hepatorenal Disorders. Chest, 2015. 148:550–558.10.1378/chest.14-192525811649
]Search in Google Scholar
[
16. Low G, Alexander GJ, Lomas DJ, Hepatorenal syndrome: aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2015. 2015: 207012.10.1155/2015/207012430636425649410
]Search in Google Scholar
[
17. Salerno F, Cazzaniga M, Merli M, Spinzi M, Saibeni S, Salmi A, et al., Diagnosis, treatment and survival of patients with hepatorenal syndrome: a survey on daily medical practice. J Hepatol, 2011. 55:1241–8.10.1016/j.jhep.2011.03.01221703199
]Search in Google Scholar
[
18. Martin-Llahi M, Guevara M, Torre A, Fagundes C, Restuccia T, Gilabert R, et al., Prognostic importance of the cause of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 2011. 140:488–496 e4.10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.04320682324
]Search in Google Scholar
[
19. Montoliu S, Ballesté B, Planas R, Alvarez MA, Rivera M, Miquel M, et al., Incidence and prognosis of different types of functional renal failure in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010. 8:616–22; quiz e80.10.1016/j.cgh.2010.03.02920399905
]Search in Google Scholar
[
20. Angeli P, Morando F, Cavallin M, Piano S, Hepatorenal syndrome. Contrib Nephrol, 2011. 174:46–55.10.1159/00032923521921608
]Search in Google Scholar
[
21. Jamil K, Huang X, Lovelace B, Pham AT, Lodaya K, Wan G, The burden of illness of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) in the United States: a retrospective analysis of electronic health records. J Med Econ, 2019. 22:421–429.10.1080/13696998.2019.158020130724682
]Search in Google Scholar
[
22. Rice JP, Skagen C, Said A, Liver transplant outcomes for patients with hepatorenal syndrome treated with pretransplant vasoconstrictors and albumin. Transplantation, 2011. 91:1141–7.10.1097/TP.0b013e31821690bf21544034
]Search in Google Scholar
[
23. Jami K, Huang X, Lovelace B, Pham AT, Lodaya K, Wan G, The burden of illness of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) in the United States: a retrospective analysis of electronic health records. Journal of Medical Economics, 2019. 22:421–429.10.1080/13696998.2019.1580201
]Search in Google Scholar
[
24. Fernandez-Sear J, Prieto J, Quiroga J, Zozaya JM, Cobos MA, Rodriguez-Eire JL et al., Systemic and regional hemodynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites with and without functional renal failure. Gastroenterology, 1989. 97:1304–12.10.1016/0016-5085(89)91704-6
]Search in Google Scholar
[
25. Schrier RW, Arroyo V, Bernardi M, Epstein M, Henriksen JH, Rodés J, Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology, 1988. 8:1151–7.10.1002/hep.18400805322971015
]Search in Google Scholar
[
26. Jonassen TE, Marcussen N, Haugan K, Skyum H, Christensen S, Andreasen F et al., Functional and structural changes in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop in rats with liver cirrhosis. Am J Physiol, 1997. 273:568–77.10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.2.R5689277540
]Search in Google Scholar
[
27. Fede G, Privitera G, Tomaselli T, Spadaro L, Purrello F, Cardiovascular dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ann Gastroenterol, 2015. 28:31–40.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
28. Møller S, Henriksen JH, Cardiovascular complications of cirrhosis. Gut, 2008. 57:268–78.10.1136/gut.2006.11217718192456
]Search in Google Scholar
[
29. Mandorfe M, Bota S, Schwabl P, Bucsics T, Pfisterer N, Kruzik M et al., Nonselective β blockers increase risk for hepatorenal syndrome and death in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology, 2014. 146: 1680–90.e1.10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.00524631577
]Search in Google Scholar
[
30. Kazory A, Ronco C, Hepatorenal Syndrome or Hepatocardiorenal Syndrome: Revisiting Basic Concepts in View of Emerging Data. Cardiorenal Med, 2019. 9:1–7.10.1159/00049279130223273
]Search in Google Scholar
[
31. Kim GH, Renal effects of prostaglandins and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Electrolyte Blood Press, 2008. 6:35–41.10.5049/EBP.2008.6.1.35389448624459520
]Search in Google Scholar
[
32. Stadlbauer V, Wright GA, Banaji M, Mukhopadhya A, Mookerjee RP, Moore K, et al., Relationship between activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renal blood flow autoregulation in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 2008. 134:111–9.10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.05518166350
]Search in Google Scholar
[
33. Oliver JA, Verna EC, Afferent mechanisms of sodium retention in cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome. Kidney Int, 2010. 77:669–80.10.1038/ki.2010.420147888
]Search in Google Scholar
[
34. Lang F, Tschernko E, Schulze E, Ottl I, Ritter M, Völkl H, et al., Hepatorenal reflex regulating kidney function. Hepatology, 1991. 14:590–4.10.1002/hep.1840140403
]Search in Google Scholar
[
35. Ming Z, Lautt WW, Intrahepatic adenosine-mediated activation of hepatorenal reflex is via A1 receptors in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 2006. 84:1177–84.10.1139/y06-063
]Search in Google Scholar
[
36. Solis-Herruzo JA, Duran A, Favela V, Castellano G, JMadrid JL, Muñoz-Yagüe MT, et al., Effects of lumbar sympathetic block on kidney function in cirrhotic patients with hepatorenal syndrome. J Hepatol, 1987. 5:167–73.10.1016/S0168-8278(87)80569-X
]Search in Google Scholar
[
37. Karagiannis AK, Nakouti T, Pipili C, Cholongitas E, Adrenal insufficiency in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. World J Hepatol, 2015. 7: 1112–24.10.4254/wjh.v7.i8.1112
]Search in Google Scholar
[
38. Chang Y, Qi X, Li Z, Wang F, Wang S, Zhang Z, et al., Hepatorenal syndrome: insights into the mechanisms of intra-abdominal hypertension. Int J Clin Exp Pathol, 2013. 6:2523–8.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
39. Patel DM, Connor MJ, Intra-Abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome: An Underappreciated Cause of Acute Kidney Injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, 2016. 23:160–6.10.1053/j.ackd.2016.03.002
]Search in Google Scholar
[
40. Harman PK, Kron IL, McLachlan HD, Freedlender AE, Nolan SP, Elevated intra-abdominal pressure and renal function. Ann Surg, 1982. 196:594–7.10.1097/00000658-198211000-00015
]Search in Google Scholar
[
41. Watson RA, Owdieshell TR, Abdominal compartment syndrome. South Med J, 1998. 91:326–32.10.1097/00007611-199804000-00002
]Search in Google Scholar
[
42. Mikami O, Fujise K, Matsumoto S, Shingu K, M. Ashida M, Matsuda T, High intra-abdominal pressure increases plasma catecholamine concentrations during pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic procedures. Arch Surg, 1998. 133:39–43.10.1001/archsurg.133.1.39
]Search in Google Scholar
[
43. Cade R, Wagemaker H, Vogel S, Mars D, Hood-Lewis D, Privette M, et al., Hepatorenal syndrome. Studies of the effect of vascular volume and intraperitoneal pressure on renal and hepatic function. Am J Med, 1987. 82:427–38.10.1016/0002-9343(87)90442-6
]Search in Google Scholar
[
44. Umgelter A., Reindl W, Franzen M, Lenhardt C, Huber W, Schmid RM, Renal resistive index and renal function before and after paracentesis in patients with hepatorenal syndrome and tense ascites. Intensive Care Med, 2009. 35(1):152–6.10.1007/s00134-008-1253-y18802688
]Search in Google Scholar
[
45. Simonetto DA, Gines P, Kamath PS, Hepatorenal syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Bmj, 2020. 370:2687.10.1136/bmj.m268732928750
]Search in Google Scholar
[
46. Clàri J, Arroyo V, Moreau R, The Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Syndrome, or When the Innate Immune System Goes Astray. J Immunol, 2016. 197:3755–3761.10.4049/jimmunol.1600818
]Search in Google Scholar
[
47. Wiest R, Das S, Cadelina G, Garcia-Tsao G, Milstien S, Groszmann RJ, Bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats stimulates eNOS-derived NO production and impairs mesenteric vascular contractility. J Clin Invest, 1999. 104:1223–33.10.1172/JCI7458
]Search in Google Scholar
[
48. Runyon BA., Squier S, Borzio M, Translocation of gut bacteria in rats with cirrhosis to mesenteric lymph nodes partially explains the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Hepatol, 1994. 21:792–6.10.1016/S0168-8278(94)80241-6
]Search in Google Scholar
[
49. Solé C, Pose E, Solà E, Ginès P, Hepatorenal syndrome in the era of acute kidney injury. Liver Int, 2018. 38:1891–1901.10.1111/liv.1389329845739
]Search in Google Scholar
[
50. Lange CM Systemic inflammation in hepatorenal syndrome – A target for novel treatment strategies? Liver Int, 2019. 39:1199–1201.10.1111/liv.1405731290276
]Search in Google Scholar
[
51. Kalambokis GN., MouzakI A, Rodi M, Pappas K, Fotopoulos A, Xourgia X, et al., Rifaximin improves systemic hemodynamics and renal function in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis and ascites. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012. 10:815–8.10.1016/j.cgh.2012.02.02522391344
]Search in Google Scholar
[
52. Alaniz C, Regal RE, Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a review of treatment options. P t, 2009. 34:204–10.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
53. Shah N, Mohamed FE, Jover-Cobos M, Macnaughtan J, Davies N, Moreau R, et al., Increased renal expression and urinary excretion of TLR4 in acute kidney injury associated with cirrhosis. Liver Int, 2013. 33:398–409.10.1111/liv.1204723402610
]Search in Google Scholar
[
54. Zhang J, Liu J, Wu Y, Romeiro FG, Levi Sandri GB, X. Zhou X, et al., Effect of terlipressin on renal function in cirrhotic patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Transl Med, 2020. 8:340.10.21037/atm.2020.02.135718667132355784
]Search in Google Scholar
[
55. Cárdenas A, Ginès P, Uriz J, Bessa X, Salmerón JM, Mas A, et al., Renal failure after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors, and short-term prognosis. Hepatology, 2001. 34:671–6.10.1053/jhep.2001.2783011584362
]Search in Google Scholar
[
56. Nazar A., Pereira GM, Guevara M, Martín-Llahi M, Pepin MN, Marinelli M, et al., Predictors of response to therapy with terlipressin and albumin in patients with cirrhosis and type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology, 2010. 51:219–26.10.1002/hep.2328319877168
]Search in Google Scholar
[
57. Savale L, Weatherald J, Jaïs X, Vuillard C, Boucly A, M. Jevnikar M, et al., Acute decompensated pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev, 2017. 26:17009210.1183/16000617.0092-2017
]Search in Google Scholar
[
58. Trawalé JM, Paradis V, Rautou PE, Francoz C, Escolano S, Sallée M, et al., The spectrum of renal lesions in patients with cirrhosis: a clinicopathological study. Liver Int, 2010. 30:725–32.10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02182.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
59. Alsaad AA, Wadei HM, Fractional excretion of sodium in hepatorenal syndrome: Clinical and pathological correlation. World J Hepatol, 2016. 8:1497–1501.10.4254/wjh.v8.i34.1497
]Search in Google Scholar
[
60. Belcher JM, Sanyal AJ, Peixoto AJ, Perazella MA, Lim J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, et al., Kidney biomarkers and differential diagnosis of patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. Hepatology, 2014. 60: 622–32.10.1002/hep.26980
]Search in Google Scholar
[
61. Verna EC, Brown RS, Farrand E, Pichardo EM, Forster CS, Sola-Del Valle DA, et al., Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin predicts mortality and identifies acute kidney injury in cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci, 2012. 57:2362–70.10.1007/s10620-012-2180-x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
62. Ring-Larsen H, Renal blood flow in cirrhosis: relation to systemic and portal haemodynamics and liver function. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 1977. 37:635–42.10.3109/00365517709100657
]Search in Google Scholar
[
63. Ginès P, Guevara M, Arroyo V, Rodés J, Hepatorenal syndrome. Lancet, 2003. 362:1819–27.10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14903-3
]Search in Google Scholar
[
64. Heidemann J, Bartels C, Berssenbrügge C, Schmidt H, Meister T, Hepatorenal syndrome: outcome of response to therapy and predictors of survival. Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2015. 2015:457613.10.1155/2015/457613442299725983746
]Search in Google Scholar
[
65. Kiser TH, Hepatorenal Syndrome. Int J Clin Med, 2014. 5:102–110.10.4236/ijcm.2014.53018715377532284909
]Search in Google Scholar
[
66. Malespin MH, Risk of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Safety of Acetaminophen in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken), 2018. 12:85–88.10.1002/cld.737638591330988918
]Search in Google Scholar
[
67. Facciorusso A, Hepatorenal Syndrome Type 1: Current Challenges And Future Prospects. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2019. 15:1383–1391.10.2147/TCRM.S205328688655731819465
]Search in Google Scholar
[
68. EASL, EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol, 2010. 53: 397–417.10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.00420633946
]Search in Google Scholar
[
69. Walayat S, Martin D, Patel J, Ahmed U, Pai AU, et al., Role of albumin in cirrhosis: from a hospitalist's perspective. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect, 2017. 7:8–14.10.1080/20009666.2017.1302704546367528634518
]Search in Google Scholar
[
70. Gluud LL, Christensen K, Christensen E, Krag A, Systematic review of randomized trials on vasoconstrictor drugs for hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatology, 2010. 51(2): p. 576–84.10.1002/hep.2328619885875
]Search in Google Scholar
[
71. Runyon BA, Introduction to the revised American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Practice Guideline management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis 2012. Hepatology, 2013. 57:1651–3.10.1002/hep.2635923463403
]Search in Google Scholar
[
72. De Mattos ÁZ, de Mattos AA, Méndez-Sánchez N, Hepatorenal syndrome: Current concepts related to diagnosis and management. Ann Hepatol, 2016. 15: 474–81.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
73. Chen TA, Tsao YC, Chen A, Lo GH, Lin CK, Yu HC, et al., Effect of intravenous albumin on endotoxin removal, cytokines, and nitric oxide production in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2009. 44: 619–25.10.1080/0036552090271927319191184
]Search in Google Scholar
[
74. Yeo CM, Garcia-Tsao G, Vasoconstrictor Therapy for Hepatorenal Syndrome. In: Ascites, Hyponatremia and Hepatorenal Syndrome: Progress in Treatment., Karger, Basel, 2011:149–162.10.1159/000318997
]Search in Google Scholar
[
75. Moreau R, Lebrec D, The use of vasoconstrictors in patients with cirrhosis: Type 1 HRS and beyond. Hepatology, 2006. 43:385–394.10.1002/hep.2109416496352
]Search in Google Scholar
[
76. Sanyal AJ, Boyer T, Garcia-Tsao G, Regenstein F, Rossaro L, Appenrodt B, et al., A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroenterology, 2008. 134:1360–8.10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.014373028018471513
]Search in Google Scholar
[
77. Boyer TD, Medicis JJ, Pappas SC, Potenziano J, Jamil K, A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to confirm the reversal of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with terlipressin: the REVERSE trial design. Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials, 2012. 4:39–49.10.2147/OAJCT.S31844
]Search in Google Scholar
[
78. Jamil K, Pappas SC, Wong F, Sanyal AJ, Verified Hepatorenal Syndrome Reversal As A Robust Multi-Component Primary End Point: The CONFIRM Study Trial Design. Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials, 2019. 11:67–73.10.2147/OAJCT.S224974
]Search in Google Scholar
[
79. Israelsen M, Dahl EK, Madsen BS, Wiese S, Bendtsen F, Møller S, et al., Dobutamine reverses the cardio-suppressive effects of terlipressin without improving renal function in cirrhosis and ascites: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2020. 318:G313–g321.10.1152/ajpgi.00328.2019
]Search in Google Scholar
[
80. Piano S, Gambino C, Vettore E, Calvino V, Tonon M, Boccagni P, et al., Response to Terlipressin and Albumin Is Associated With Improved Liver Transplant Outcomes in Patients With Hepatorenal Syndrome. Hepatology, 2020. doi: 10.1002/hep.3152910.1002/hep.31529
]Search in Google Scholar
[
81. Krishna R, Raj J, Dev D, Prasad SC, Reghu R, V SO, A study on clinical outcomes of combination of terlipressin and albumin in Hepatorenal Syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2020. 55:860–864.10.1080/00365521.2020.1786851
]Search in Google Scholar
[
82. Sanyal AJ, Boyer TD, Frederick RT, Wong F, Rossaro L, Araya V, et al., Reversal of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with terlipressin plus albumin vs. placebo plus albumin in a pooled analysis of the OT-0401 and REVERSE randomised clinical studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2017. 45:1390–1402.10.1111/apt.14052
]Search in Google Scholar
[
83. Wong F, Pappas SC, Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Bajaj JS, Escalante S, et al., Terlipressin Improves Renal Function and Reverses Hepatorenal Syndrome in Patients With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2017. 15:266–272.e1.10.1016/j.cgh.2016.07.016
]Search in Google Scholar
[
84. Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Wong F, Frederick RT, Lake JR, O'Leary JG, et al., Terlipressin Plus Albumin Is More Effective Than Albumin Alone in Improving Renal Function in Patients With Cirrhosis and Hepatorenal Syndrome Type 1. Gastroenterology, 2016. 150:1579–1589 e2.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
85. Narahara Y, Kanazawa H, Sakamoto C, Maruyama H, Yokosuka O, Mochida S, et al., The efficacy and safety of terlipressin and albumin in patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a multicenter, open-label, explorative study. J Gastroenterol, 2012. 47: 313–20.10.1007/s00535-011-0485-8
]Search in Google Scholar
[
86. Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Blei A, Carl D, Bexon AS, et al., Predictors of response to terlipressin plus albumin in hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type 1: relationship of serum creatinine to hemodynamics. J Hepatol, 2011. 55:315–21.10.1016/j.jhep.2010.11.020
]Search in Google Scholar
[
87. Muñoz LE, Alcalá EG, Cordero P, Martínez MA, Vázquez NY, Galindo S, et al., Reversal of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhotic patients with terlipressin plus albumin. First experience in Mexico. Ann Hepatol, 2009. 8:207–11.10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31767-3
]Search in Google Scholar
[
88. Sanyal AJ, Boyer T, Garcia-Tsao G, Regenstein F, Rossaro L, Appenrodt B, et al., A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terlipressin for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Gastroenterology, 2008. 134:1360–8.10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.014373028018471513
]Search in Google Scholar
[
89. Arab JP, Claro JC, Arancibia JP, Contreras J, Gómez F, Muñoz C, et al., Therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: A Delphi technique-based consensus. World J Hepatol, 2016. 8:1075–86.10.4254/wjh.v8.i25.1075
]Search in Google Scholar
[
90. Fagundes C, Ginès P, Hepatorenal syndrome: a severe, but treatable, cause of kidney failure in cirrhosis. Am J Kidney Dis, 2012. 59: 874–85.10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.12.032
]Search in Google Scholar
[
91. Wan S, Wan X, Zhu Q, Peng J, A comparative study of high-or low-dose terlipressin therapy in patients with cirrhosis and type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi, 2014. 22:349–53.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
92. Cavallin M, Piano S, Romano A, Fasolato S, Frigo AC, Benetti G, et al., Terlipressin given by continuous intravenous infusion versus intravenous boluses in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: A randomized controlled study. Hepatology, 2016. 63:983–92.10.1002/hep.28396
]Search in Google Scholar
[
93. von Kalckreuth V, Glowa F, Geibler M, Lohse AW, Denzer UW, Terlipressin in 30 patients with hepatorenal syndrome: results of a retrospective study. Z Gastroenterol, 2009. 47:21–6.10.1055/s-0028-1109084
]Search in Google Scholar
[
94. Abdel-Razik A, Mousa N, Abdelsalam M, Abdelwahab A, Tawfik M, Tawfik AM, et al., Endothelin-1/Nitric Oxide Ratio as a Predictive Factor of Response to Therapy With Terlipressin and Albumin in Patients With Type-1 Hepatorenal Syndrome. Front Pharmacol, 2020. 11:9.10.3389/fphar.2020.00009
]Search in Google Scholar
[
95. Saif RU, Dar HA, Sofi SM, Andrabi MS, Javid G, Zargar SA, Noradrenaline versus terlipressin in the management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: A randomized controlled study. Indian J Gastroenterol, 2018. 37:424–429.10.1007/s12664-018-0876-3
]Search in Google Scholar
[
96. Goyal O, Sidhu SS, Sehgal N, Puri S, Noradrenaline is as Effective as Terlipressin in Hepatorenal Syndrome Type 1: A Prospective, Randomized Trial. J Assoc Physicians India, 2016. 64:30–35.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
97. Sarwar S, Khan AA, Hepatorenal syndrome:Response to terlipressin and albumin and its determinants. Pak J Med Sci, 2016. 32:274–8.10.12669/pjms.322.9315
]Search in Google Scholar
[
98. Altun R, Korkmaz M, Yıldırım E, Öcal S, Akbaş E, Selçuk H, Terlipressin and albumin for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: does bacterial infection affect the response? Springerplus, 2015. 4:06.10.1186/s40064-015-1625-z
]Search in Google Scholar
[
99. Ghosh S, Choudhary NS, Sharma AK, Singh B, Kumar P, Agarwal R, et al., Noradrenaline vs terlipressin in the treatment of type 2 hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized pilot study. Liver Int, 2013. 33:1187–93.10.1111/liv.12179
]Search in Google Scholar
[
100. Hinz M, Wree A, Jochum C, Bechmann LP, Saner F, Gerbes AL, et al., High age and low sodium urine concentration are associated with poor survival in patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Ann Hepatol, 2013. 12:92–9.10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31390-0
]Search in Google Scholar
[
101. Velez JC, Nietert PJ, Therapeutic response to vasoconstrictors in hepatorenal syndrome parallels increase in mean arterial pressure: a pooled analysis of clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis, 2011. 58:928–38.10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.07.017
]Search in Google Scholar
[
102. Cavalli M, Kamath PS, Merli M, Fasolato S, Toniutto P, Salerno F, et al., Terlipressin plus albumin versus midodrine and octreotide plus albumin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: A randomized trial. Hepatology, 2015. 62:567–74.10.1002/hep.27709
]Search in Google Scholar
[
103. Triantos CK, Samonakis D, Thalheimer U, Cholongitas E, Senzolo M, Marelli L, et al., Terlipressin therapy for renal failure in cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010. 22:481–6.10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283345524
]Search in Google Scholar
[
104. Olivera-Martinez M, Sayles H, Vivekanandan R, D'Souza S, Florescu MC, Hepatorenal syndrome: are we missing some prognostic factors? Dig Dis Sci, 2012. 57:210–4.10.1007/s10620-011-1861-1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
105. Barbano B, Sardo L, Gigante A, Gasperini ML, Liberatori M, Giraldi GD, et al., Pathophysiology, diagnosis and clinical management of hepatorenal syndrome: from classic to new drugs. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 2014. 12:125–35.10.2174/157016111201140327163930
]Search in Google Scholar
[
106. Lee HJ, Oh MJ, A case of peripheral gangrene and osteomyelitis secondary to terlipressin therapy in advanced liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2013. 19:179–84.10.3350/cmh.2013.19.2.179
]Search in Google Scholar
[
107. Sagi SV, Mittal S, Kasturi KS, Sood GK, Terlipressin therapy for reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010. 25:880–5.10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06132.x
]Search in Google Scholar
[
108. Rodríguez E, Elia C, Solà E, Barreto R, Graupera I, Andrealli A, et al., Terlipressin and albumin for type-1 hepatorenal syndrome associated with sepsis. J Hepatol, 2014. 60:955–61.10.1016/j.jhep.2013.12.032
]Search in Google Scholar
[
109. Kalambokis GN, Pappas K, Tsianos EV, Terlipressin improves pulmonary pressures in cirrhotic patients with pulmonary hypertension and variceal bleeding or hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2012. 11:434–7.10.1016/S1499-3872(12)60204-5
]Search in Google Scholar
[
110. Gupta K, Rani P, Rohatgi A, Verma M, Handa S, Dalal K, et al., Noradrenaline for reverting hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, observational, single-center study. Clin Exp Gastroenterol, 2018. 11:317–324.10.2147/CEG.S153858615109230271187
]Search in Google Scholar
[
111. Arora V, Maiwall M, Rajan V, Jindal A, Muralikrishna S, Kumar G, et al., Terlipressin Is Superior to Noradrenaline in the Management of Acute Kidney Injury in Acute on Chronic Liver Failure. Hepatology, 2020. 71:600–610.10.1002/hep.30208
]Search in Google Scholar
[
112. Singh V, Ghosh S, Singh B, Kumar P, Sharma N, Bhalla A, et al., Noradrenaline vs. terlipressin in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study. J Hepatol, 2012. 56:1293–8.10.1016/j.jhep.2012.01.012
]Search in Google Scholar
[
113. Esrailian E, Pantangco ER, Kyulo NL, Hu KQ, Runyon BA, Octreotide/Midodrine therapy significantly improves renal function and 30-day survival in patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. Dig Dis Sci, 2007. 52:742–8.10.1007/s10620-006-9312-0
]Search in Google Scholar
[
114. Skagen C, Einstein M, Lucey MR, Said A, Combination treatment with octreotide, midodrine, and albumin improves survival in patients with type 1 and type 2 hepatorenal syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2009. 43:680–5.10.1097/MCG.0b013e318188947c
]Search in Google Scholar
[
115. Facciorusso A, Chandar AK, Murad MH, Prokop LJ, Muscatiello N, Kamath PS, et al., Comparative efficacy of pharmacological strategies for management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2017. 2:94–102.10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30157-1
]Search in Google Scholar
[
116. Nassar JR AP, Farias AQ, LA D'Albuquerque, Carrilho FJ, Malbouisson LM, Terlipressin versus norepinephrine in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 2014. 9:e107466.10.1371/journal.pone.0107466415933625203311
]Search in Google Scholar
[
117. Sharma P, Kumar A, Shrama BC, Sarin SK, An open label, pilot, randomized controlled trial of noradrenaline versus terlipressin in the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome and predictors of response. Am J Gastroenterol, 2008. 103:1689–97.10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01828.x18557715
]Search in Google Scholar
[
118. Alessandria C, Ottobrelli A, Debernardi-Venon W, Todros L, Cerenzia MT, S. Martini S, et al., Noradrenalin vs terlipressin in patients with hepatorenal syndrome: a prospective, randomized, unblinded, pilot study. J Hepatol, 2007. 47:499–505.10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.01017560680
]Search in Google Scholar
[
119. Srivastav S, Shalimar, Vishnubhatla S, Prakash S, Sharma H, Thakur B, et al., Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Efficacy of Terlipressin and Albumin with a Combination of Concurrent Dopamine, Furosemide, and Albumin in Hepatorenal Syndrome. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2015. 5:276–85.10.1016/j.jceh.2015.08.003472364926900268
]Search in Google Scholar
[
120. Kiser TN, Fish DN, Obritsch MD, Jung R, MacLaren R, Parikh CR, Vasopressin, not octreotide, may be beneficial in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a retrospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2005. 20:1813–20.10.1093/ndt/gfh93015956066
]Search in Google Scholar
[
121. Zhang TF, Yang N, Zhao G, Liu LN, Wang YD, Duan ZJ, Meta-analysis of terlipressin in treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: an update. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2009. 89:1970–4.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
122. Wang L, Long Y, Li KX, Xu GS, Pharmacological treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: a network meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf), 2020. 8: 111–118.10.1093/gastro/goz043713672032280470
]Search in Google Scholar
[
123. Testino G, Hepatorenal syndrome: role of the transjugular intrahepatic stent shunt in real life practice. Clujul Med, 2017. 90: 464–465.10.15386/cjmed-847568384129151800
]Search in Google Scholar
[
124. Song T, Rössle M, He F, Liu F, Guo X, Qi X, Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for hepatorenal syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis, 2018. 50: 323–330.10.1016/j.dld.2018.01.12329422242
]Search in Google Scholar
[
125. Brensing KA, Textor J, Perz J, Schiedermaier P, Raab P, Strunk H, et al., Long term outcome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in non-transplant cirrhotics with hepatorenal syndrome: a phase II study. Gut, 2000. 47: 288–95.10.1136/gut.47.2.288172799210896924
]Search in Google Scholar
[
126. Guevara M, P. Ginès P, Bandi JC, Gilabert R, Sort P, W. Jiménez W, et al., Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in hepatorenal syndrome: effects on renal function and vasoactive systems. Hepatology, 1998. 28: 416–22.10.1002/hep.5102802199696006
]Search in Google Scholar
[
127. Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, Gordon FD, Peine CJ, Rank J, ter Borg PC, A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology, 2000. 31: 864–71.10.1053/he.2000.585210733541
]Search in Google Scholar
[
128. Rössle M, Gerbes AL, TIPS for the treatment of refractory ascites, hepatorenal syndrome and hepatic hydrothorax: a critical update. Gut, 2010. 59: 988–1000.10.1136/gut.2009.19322720581246
]Search in Google Scholar
[
129. Mitzner SR, Stange J, Klammt S, Risler T, Erley CM, Bader BD, et al., Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Liver Transpl, 2000. 6: 277–86.10.1053/lv.2000.6355
]Search in Google Scholar
[
130. Mitzner SR, Klammt S, Peszynski P, Hickstein H, Korten G, Stange J, et al., Improvement of multiple organ functions in hepatorenal syndrome during albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system. Ther Apher, 2001. 5:417–22.10.1046/j.1526-0968.2001.00388.x11778928
]Search in Google Scholar
[
131. Bañares R, Nevens F, Larsen FS, Jalan R, Albillos A, Dollinger M, et al., Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial. Hepatology, 2013. 57:1153–62.10.1002/hep.2618523213075
]Search in Google Scholar
[
132. Wong F, Raina, Richardson R, Molecular adsorbent recirculating system is ineffective in the management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis with ascites who have failed vasoconstrictor treatment. Gut, 2010. 59: 381–6.10.1136/gut.2008.17461519710033
]Search in Google Scholar
[
133. Sourianarayanane A, Raina R, Garg G, McCullough AJ, O'Shea RS, Management and outcome in hepatorenal syndrome: need for renal replacement therapy in non-transplanted patients. Int Urol Nephrol, 2014. 46: 793–800.10.1007/s11255-013-0527-723934619
]Search in Google Scholar
[
134. Allegretti AS, Parada XV, Eneanya ND, Gilligan H, Xu D, Zhao S, et al., Prognosis of Patients with Cirrhosis and AKI Who Initiate RRT. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2018. 13: 16–25.10.2215/CJN.03610417575330629122911
]Search in Google Scholar
[
135. Capling RK, Bastani B, The clinical course of patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome maintained on hemodialysis. Ren Fail, 2004. 26:563–8.10.1081/JDI-20003598815526916
]Search in Google Scholar
[
136. Epstein M, Hepatorenal syndrome: emerging perspectives. Semin Nephrol, 1997. 17: 563–75.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
137. Davenport A, Will EJ, Davidson AM, Improved cardiovascular stability during continuous modes of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute hepatic and renal failure. Crit Care Med, 1993. 21: 328–38.10.1097/00003246-199303000-000078440100
]Search in Google Scholar
[
138. Nand N, Verma P, Jain D, Comparative Evaluation of Continuous Veno-venous Hemodiafiltration and Continuous Arterio-Venous Hemodiafiltration in Patients of Hepatic Failure and / or Hepatorenal Syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India, 2019. 67:39–42.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
139. Boyer TD, Sanyal AJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Regenstein F, Rossaro L, Appenrodt B, et al., Impact of liver transplantation on the survival of patients treated for hepatorenal syndrome type 1. Liver Transpl, 2011. 17: 1328–32.10.1002/lt.22395376072721837734
]Search in Google Scholar
[
140. Nadim MK., Sung RS, Davis CL, Andreoni KA, Biggins SW, Danovitch GW, et al., Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation summit: current state and future directions. Am J Transplant, 2012. 12: 2901–8.10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04190.x22822723
]Search in Google Scholar
[
141. Ruiz RH, Kunitake H, Wilkinson AH, Danovitch GM, Farmer DG, Ghobrial RM, et al., Long-term analysis of combined liver and kidney transplantation at a single center. Arch Surg, 2006. 141: 735–41; discussion 741–2.10.1001/archsurg.141.8.73516924080
]Search in Google Scholar
[
142. Wadei HM, Lee DD, Croome KP, Mai ML, Golan E, Brotman R, et al., Early Allograft Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation Is Associated With Short-and Long-Term Kidney Function Impairment. Am J Transplant, 2016. 16: 850–9.10.1111/ajt.1352726663518
]Search in Google Scholar
[
143. Lee JP, Kwon HY, Park JI, Yi NJ, Suh KS, Lee HW, et al., Clinical outcomes of patients with hepatorenal syndrome after living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl, 2012. 18: 1237–44.10.1002/lt.2349322714872
]Search in Google Scholar
[
144. Rodriguez E, Pereira GH, Solà E, Elia C, Barreto R, Pose E, et al., Treatment of type 2 hepatorenal syndrome in patients awaiting transplantation: Effects on kidney function and transplantation outcomes. Liver Transpl, 2015. 21: 1347–54.10.1002/lt.2421026178066
]Search in Google Scholar
[
145. Thomson MJ, Taylor A, Sharma P, Lok AS, Tapper EB, Limited Progress in Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS) Reversal and Survival 2002–2018: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci, 2020. 65: 1539–1548.10.1007/s10620-019-05858-2710356531571102
]Search in Google Scholar
[
146. Snowdon VK., Lachlan NJ, Hoy AM, Hadoke PW, Semple SI, Patel D, et al., Serelaxin as a potential treatment for renal dysfunction in cirrhosis: Preclinical evaluation and results of a randomized phase 2 trial. PLoS Med, 2017. 14: e1002248.10.1371/journal.pmed.1002248533045228245243
]Search in Google Scholar
[
147. Stine JG, Wang J, Cornella SL, Behm BW, Henry Z, Shah NL, et al., Treatment of Type-1 Hepatorenal Syndrome with Pentoxifylline: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial. Ann Hepatol, 2018. 17: 300–306.10.5604/01.3001.0010.866129469035
]Search in Google Scholar
[
148. Akriviadis E, Botla R, Briggs W, Han S, Reynolds T, Shakil O, Pentoxifylline improves short-term survival in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology, 2000. 119: 1637–48.10.1053/gast.2000.2018911113085
]Search in Google Scholar
[
149. Martin-Llahi M, Pepin MN, Guevara M, Diaz F, Torre A, Monescillo A, et al., Terlipressin and albumin vs albumin in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome: a randomized study. Gastroenterology, 2008. 134:1352–9.10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.02418471512
]Search in Google Scholar
[
150. Nguyen-Tat M, Jäger J, Rey JW, Nagel M, Labenz C, Wörns MA, et al., Terlipressin and albumin combination treatment in patients with hepatorenal syndrome type 2. United European Gastroenterol J, 2019. 7: 529–537.10.1177/2050640619825719648879731065370
]Search in Google Scholar
[
151. Fabriz F, Aghemo A, Messa P, Hepatorenal syndrome and novel advances in its management. Kidney Blood Press Res, 2013. 37(6): p. 588–601.10.1159/00035573924356549
]Search in Google Scholar
[
152. Lata J, Hepatorenal syndrome. World J Gastroenterol, 2012. 18: 4978–84.10.3748/wjg.v18.i36.4978346032323049205
]Search in Google Scholar
[
153. Hanish SI, Samaniego M, Mezrich JD, Foley DP, Leverson GE, Lorentzen DF, et al., Outcomes of simultaneous liver/kidney transplants are equivalent to kidney transplant alone: a preliminary report. Transplantation, 2010. 90: 52–60.10.1097/TP.0b013e3181e17014
]Search in Google Scholar
[
154. Hiruy A, J. Nelson J, Zori A, Morelli G, Cabrera R, Kamel A, Standardized approach of albumin, midodrine and octreotide on hepatorenal syndrome treatment response rate. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020.10.1097/MEG.000000000000170032243349
]Search in Google Scholar
[
155. Kade G, Lubas A, Spaleniak S, Wojtecka A, Leśniak, Literacki, S et al., Application of the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System in Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome in the Course of Alcohol-Related Acute on Chronic Liver Failure. Med Sci Monit, 2020. 26: e923805.10.12659/MSM.923805734675032602472
]Search in Google Scholar
[
156. Park GC, Hwang S, Jung DH, Song GW, Ahn CS, Kim KH, et al., Is renal replacement therapy necessary in deceased donor liver transplantation candidates with hepatorenal syndrome?: a 2-year experience at a high-volume center. Ann Surg Treat Res, 2020. 98: 102–109.10.4174/astr.2020.98.2.102700287832051819
]Search in Google Scholar
[
157. Nguyen-Tat M, Götz E, Scholz-Kreisel P, Ahrens J, Sivanathan V, Schattenberg J, et al., [Response to Terlipressin and albumin is associated with improved outcome in patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 2015. 140: e21–6.10.1055/s-0040-10044425612289
]Search in Google Scholar
[
158. Wong F, Leung W, Al Beshir M, Marquez M, Renner EL, Outcomes of patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome type 1 treated with liver transplantation. Liver Transpl, 2015. 21:300–7.10.1002/lt.2404925422261
]Search in Google Scholar
[
159. Tavakkoli H, Yazdanpanah K, M. Mansourian, Noradrenalin versus the combination of midodrine and octreotide in patients with hepatorenal syndrome: randomized clinical trial. Int J Prev Med, 2012. 3: 764–9.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
160. Testr AG, Wongseelashote S, Angus PW, Gow PJ, Long-term outcome of patients treated with terlipressin for types 1 and 2 hepatorenal syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2008. 23: 1535–40.10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05176.x17784863
]Search in Google Scholar
[
161. Neri S, Pulvirenti D, Malaguarnera M, Cosimo BM, Bertino G, Ignaccolo L, et al., Terlipressin and albumin in patients with cirrhosis and type I hepatorenal syndrome. Dig Dis Sci, 2008. 53: 830–5.10.1007/s10620-007-9919-917939047
]Search in Google Scholar