Assessment of the quality and irrigation purpose suitability of alluvial water in Erfoud, Morocco

Beata Latos; Anna Szczucińska; Rafał Kozłowski

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Assessment of the quality and irrigation purpose suitability of alluvial water in Erfoud, Morocco

Beata Latos

Anna Szczucińska

Rafał Kozłowski

| 10 sept. 2019

Quaestiones Geographicae

Édition 38 (2019): Edition 3 (September 2019)

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Publié en ligne: 10 sept. 2019

Pages: 67 - 79

Reçu: 13 janv. 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0030

© 2019 Beata Latos, Anna Szczucińska, Rafał Kozłowski published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

The location of the study area against Morocco (A) together with location of the wells in Erfoud (B).

Piper Diagram indicating the hydrochemical type of water.

Relationships Na/Cl versus Cl concentrations (mg dm−3) (A), Ca+Mg versus Cl concentrations (mg dm−3) (B) and Cl versus SO4 concentrations (mg dm−3) (C) for water samples from the study area.

Parameters SAR and EC classified together on the Wilcox’s diagram.

Geographical coordinates and basic characteristics of the wells in Erfoud.

Well ID	Coordinates N	Coordinates E	Altitude [m a.s.l.]	Depth to the water table [m]	Water column [m]	Water temperature [°C]
E1	31°21'39.6"	4°17'53.6"	759	13.5	1.0	22.3
E2	31°22'00.2"	4°17'46.1"	764	13.5	1.0	23.9
E3	31°21'58.6"	4°17'50.3"	783	13.5	<1.0	21.9
E4	31°21'45.0"	4°17'51.3"	781	13.7	<1.0	24.4
E5	31°25'46.0"	4°14'45.7"	758	15.6	9.0	22.2
E6	31°21'34.0"	4°17'15.8"	760	15.6	<1.0	20.9
E7	31°21'56.3"	4°18'01.2"	759	14.4	2.0	22.7
E8	31°21'30.0"	4°17'54.8"	756	14.2	1.5	23.4
E9	31°26'45.7"	4°14'59.6"	809	3.8	4.0	18.3
E10	31°27'14.9"	4°14'19.8"	821	7.4	3.0	20.5
E11	31°27'43.6"	4°14'19.6"	820	6.8	5.0	20.1
E12	31°27'25.8"	4°13'59.1"	820	7.4	<1.0	20.5
E13	31°21'53.1"	4°17'38.0"	767	13.4	<1.0	22.1
E14	31°22'02.1"	4°13'59.1"	773	14.0	2.5	22.5
E15	31°22'05.8"	4°17'25.2"	772	14.2	3.0	21.8
E16	31°22'11.6"	4°13'59.1"	779	14.2	<1.0	23.2
E17	31°26'53.9"	4°14'27.0"	817	3.4	10.0	20.4
E18*	31°30'40.1"	4°10'48.7"	851	1.4	7.0	21.5
E19	31°25'47.8"	4°14'43.6"	836	8.0	10.4	23.2
E20*	31°36'11.1"	4°12'24.0"	878	10.7	1.4	24.0

Parameters exceeding the WHO health-based guidance level (2017).

Parameter	Health-based guidance level	Comment
NO₃	50 mg dm⁻³	The parameter was exceeded in the case of two wells: in well no. E11 the value was 59 mg dm⁻³, and in well no. E20, even 155 mg dm⁻³. This is very dangerous, since water from well no. E20 is drunk by animals, and occasionally also by people
Cd	3 μg dm⁻³	6 wells exceed the health-based guidance level. The highest value (E 19) was 13.7 μg dm⁻³
Mn*	400 μg dm⁻³	One well exceeds the level (E3): 572.5 μg dm⁻³. The presence of Mn (>0.0 μg dm⁻³) was observed in 11 wells
Ni	70 μg dm⁻³	2 wells exceed the level (E1): 76.8 μg dm⁻³, (E8) 93.6 μg dm⁻³. The presence of Ni (>0.0 μg dm⁻³) was observed in 13 wells
Na	200 mg dm⁻³	Well no. E4 – maximum value (1396 mg dm⁻³)
NH₃ and NH₄ Cl	0.2 mg dm⁻³ 250 mg dm⁻³	Well no. E18 – maximum value (3.3 mg dm⁻³) All wells
SO₄, CaSO₄	Sodium sulfate 250 mg dm⁻³ Calcium sulfate 1000 mg dm⁻³	All wells except E17
Fe	0.3 mg dm⁻³	All wells except E17
Cr	50 μg dm⁻³	Well no. E9 – maximum value (88.1 μg dm⁻³)
Water hardness	500 mg dm⁻³	Well no. E9 – maximum value (925 mg dm⁻³)

Measured and expected concentration values of selected elements in certified reference materials.

	ERM-CA713		ICP MS TOF
Analyte	Concentration	±Uncertainty	Concentration	±SD *	Dev. **
	[μg dm⁻³]				[%]
Mn	95.0	4.0	91.0	1.2	−4.2
Fe	445.0	27.0	450.0	0.6	1.1
Cu	101.0	7.0	97.0	2.1	−3.9
Cd	5.09	0.2	4.9	2.3	−3.7
Pb	49.7	1.7	48.1	1.1	−3.2
Zn	78.0	–	73.0	1.4	−6.4
Cr	20.9	1.3	22.0	3.1	−5.0
Ni	50.3	1.4	48.8	2.8	−3.1
	KEIJM-02		ICS 3000		Dev. **
Analyte	Concentration ±Uncertainty		Concentration	±SD *
	[mg dm⁻³]				[%]
Ca	0.852	0.085	0.824	1.3	−3.2
Mg	0.467	0.038	0.450	1.2	−3.6
K	0.224	0.032	0.230	1.4	2.6
Na	3.800	0.321	3.880	1.0	2.2
Cl	5.790	0.411	5.620	0.7	−2.9
SO₄	2.420	0.038	2.350	2.0	−2.8

Indicators for evaluating the irrigation suitability of groundwater from the regions of Erfoud.

Well ID	Total sodium percentage	Kelly’s ratio	Magnesium hazard	Permeability index
	%Na	KR [−]	MH [−]	PI [−]
E1	64	1.80	59	68
E2	61	1.54	55	64
E3	64	1.76	58	68
E4	62	1.63	57	64
E5	59	1.42	53	64
E6	59	1.46	56	64
E7	60	1.49	55	64
E8	61	1.56	59	64
E9	41	0.65	24	44
E10	60	1.48	53	65
E11	61	1.53	52	65
E12	61	1.53	54	64
E13	57	1.32	57	60
E14	57	1.30	56	60
E15	56	1.26	55	58
E16	56	1.26	56	59
E17	66	1.89	64	–
E18	66	1.90	41	72
E19	62	1.63	56	67
E20	40	0.62	38	45

Base exchange index (BEI) of water in the tested wells.

Well ID	BEI	ID sample	BEI
E1	−0.10	E11	−0.04
E2	0.04	E12	0.02
E3	−0.06	E13	0.15
E4	0.00	E14	0.19
E5	−0.01	E15	0.17
E6	0.00	E16	0.21
E7	0.05	E17	0.10
E8	0.04	E18	−0.06
E9	0.31	E19	−0.09
E10	−0.05	E20	0.02

Concentration and statistical representation of irrigation water.

Well ID	pH	EC	HCO₃	Li	Na	NH₄	Mg	K	Ca	Cl	so₄	Fe	NO₃	Pb	Cd	Cr	Co	Cu	Mn	Ni	Zn	Sr	Al
		[mS cm^-1]	[mg dm^–3]											μg dm^–3]
El	7.6	11.3	996	0.14	788	bdl	136	3.5	157	1104	829	8.7	2.0	bdl	bdl	61.7	12.7	70.5	6.3	77	96	31807	bdl
E2	7.3	9.4	1574	0.16	1075	bdl	203	10.4	272	1743	1149	8.2	bdl	bdl	11.4	65.3	6.2	54.1	48.7	53	142	30300	bdl
E3	7.3	15.8	966	0.06	683	0.62	119	7.0	142	997	650	8.4	0.2	bdl	bdl	73.9	2.6	42.1	572.5	31	200	30928	bdl
E4	7.4	11.2	1518	0.17	1396	bdl	259	12.8	321	2165	1559	9.0	0.3	bdl	9.0	53.9	bdl	40.0	78.7	61	194	32441	32.9
E5	7.6	7.3	1015	0.08	485	0.92	95	4.9	139	748	530	5.4	3.4	bdl	6.1	38.3	7.5	20.0	2.7	15	123	18027	bdl
E6	7.5	8.5	605	0.19	425	0.52	86	3.0	112	660	451	6.1	2.3	bdl	bdl	28.7	3.3	11.9	bdl	38	167	22402	bdl
E7	7.3	12.4	1484	0.13	902	bdl	177	6.1	236	1471	1103	8.4	0.5	bdl	bdl	50.5	2.5	35.2	45.6	46	214	31856	16.4
E8	7.4	12.4	1318	0.14	1240	1.82	249	6.1	282	2006	1553	8.1	1.0	bdl	bdl	35.0	4.6	24.9	bdl	54	184	34152	bdl
E9	6.7	8.9	4236	0.27	758	1.71	149	73.5	776	1801	871	16.0	0.1	bdl	4.8	88.1	1.7	16.7	214.2	94	152	9284	bdl
E10	7.5	7.1	1305	0.11	569	2.02	108	9.0	157	843	701	3.9	0.8	bdl	bdl	48.0	bdl	bdl	bdl	bdl	9	10898	bdl
Ell	7.4	11.1	2460	0.19	1070	bdl	194	32.3	291	1612	1314	6.9	59.3	bdl	bdl	55.7	bdl	15.6	bdl	bdl	55	29081	bdl
E12	7.5	8.3	1874	0.14	1053	1.61	197	15.0	276	1667	1261	5.8	0.2	bdl	bdl	26.5	bdl	bdl	3.9	bdl	42	19858	68.5
E13	7.5	9.7	1171	0.12	1112	1.13	254	7.9	314	2036	1313	7.3	1.6	bdl	bdl	13.5	bdl	bdl	bdl	bdl	46	30811	bdl
E14	7.8	10.2	634	0.10	632	2.59	145	5.8	185	1207	759	6.9	5.3	bdl	bdl	5.4	bdl	bdl	bdl	bdl	bdl	35210	bdl
E15	7.2	10	1122	0.13	1266	bdl	294	10.1	392	2362	1519	7.5	bdl	bdl	bdl	6.4	bdl	bdl	bdl	bdl	24	35913	bdl
E16	7.5	9.9	1083	0.11	919	0.50	216	8.8	278	1801	1088	7.7	2.3	bdl	bdl	11.8	bdl	5.2	bdl	33	60	34848	bdl
E17	-	7.8	-	0.02	167	1.69	30	6.1	28	291	183	0.6	0.8	bdl	bdl	bdl	bdl	34.4	251.5	bdl	144	803	6.5
E18	7.6	6.9	1620	0.15	644	3.30	74	43.4	174	976	601	5.1	1.3	bdl	8.9	20.3	2.5	9.7	27.6	67	39	5397	6.0
E19	7.4	8.7	1174	0.11	692	1.92	127	11.2	161	993	826	4.1	5.8	1.6	13.7	6.5	4.3	20.6	7.7	24	107	10941	bdl
E20	7.5	3.9	1435	0.10	333	4.61	107	29.1	290	550	819	5.8	155.0	bdl	bdl	14.0	6.4	28.4	bdl	60	48	6422	bdl
max	7.8	15.8	4236	0.27	1396	4.61	294	73.5	776	2362	1559	16.0	155.0	1.6	13.7	88.1	12.7	70.5	572.5	94	214	35913	68.5
min	6.7	3.9	605	0.02	167	bdl	30	3.0	28	291	183	0.6	bdl	bdl	bdl	dl	bdl	bdl	bdl	bdl	bdl	803	bdl
average	7.4	9.5	1452	0.10	811	1.80	161	15.3	249	1352	954	7.0	13.5	1.6	9.0	37.0	4.9	28.6	114.5	50	108	23069	26.1
SD	0.2	2.5	798	0.10	332	1.10	71	17.3	152	592	389	2.9	37.9	–	3.3	25.1	3.2	17.8	174.4	22.2	67	11770	26.1

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Assessment of the quality and irrigation purpose suitability of alluvial water in Erfoud, Morocco

Publié en ligne: 10 sept. 2019

Pages: 67 - 79

Reçu: 13 janv. 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0030

© 2019 Beata Latos, Anna Szczucińska, Rafał Kozłowski published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Geographical coordinates and basic characteristics of the wells in Erfoud.

Parameters exceeding the WHO health-based guidance level (2017).

Measured and expected concentration values of selected elements in certified reference materials.

Indicators for evaluating the irrigation suitability of groundwater from the regions of Erfoud.

Base exchange index (BEI) of water in the tested wells.

Concentration and statistical representation of irrigation water.