Grief: Aetiology, Symptoms and Management

1. International Classification of diseases, 11 revision, ICD-11, 2018, WHO Search in Google Scholar

2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), 2013, APA Search in Google Scholar

3. Maciejewski P, Maercker A, Boelen P, Prigerson H. “Prolonged grief disorder” and “persistent complex bereavement disorder”, but not “complicated grief”, are one and the same diagnostic entity: an analysis of data from the Yale Bereavement Study, World Psychiatry 2016, 15, 3: 1-9.10.1002/wps.20348503251227717273 Search in Google Scholar

4. Neria Y, Gross R, Litz B, Maguen S, Insel B, Seirmarco G, et al. Prevalence and psychological correlates of complicated grief among bereaved adults 2.5–3.5 years after September 11th attacks. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20(3):251–62. 10.1002/jts.2022310.1002/jts.2022317597124 Search in Google Scholar

5. Shear KM, Jackson CT, Essock SM, Donahue SA, Felton CJ. Screening for complicated grief among Project Liberty service recipients 18 months after September 11, 2001. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(9):1291–7. 10.1176/ps.2006.57.9.129110.1176/ps.2006.57.9.129116968758 Search in Google Scholar

6. Ghaffari-Nejad A, Ahmadi-Mousavi M, Gandomkar M, Reihani-Kermani H. The prevalence of complicated grief among Bam earthquake survivors in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2007;10(4):525–8. doi: 07104/AIM.0019. Search in Google Scholar

7. Johannesson KB, Lundin T, Hultman CM, Frojd T, Michel PO. Prolonged grief among traumatically bereaved relatives exposed and not exposed to a tsunami. J Trauma Stress. 2011;24(4):456–64. 10.1002/jts.2066810.1002/jts.2066821818785 Search in Google Scholar

8. Bergen, Peter L. “September 11 attacks”. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 10 Sep. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/event/September-11-attacks. Accessed 5 April 2021. Search in Google Scholar

9. Michael R. “Oslo and Utøya attacks of 2011”. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15 Jul. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/event/Oslo-and-Utoya-attacks-of-2011. Accessed 5 April 2021. Search in Google Scholar

10. 2015 Paris Terror Attacks Fast Facts, CNN Editorial Research. Updated 2036 GMT (0436 HKT) November 4, 2020 Search in Google Scholar

11. Rabow M, Huang CH, White-Hammond G, Tucker R,. Witnesses and Victims Both: Healthcare Workers and Grief in the Time of COVID-19. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2021 Feb 6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.01.139 [Epub ahead of print]10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.01.139786478233556494 Search in Google Scholar

12. Bourassa K, Cornelius T, Birk J. Bereavement is associated with reduced systemic inflammation: C-reactive protein before and after widowhood, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2020, 88: 925-929.10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.023741573532283288 Search in Google Scholar

13. O’Connor MF. Grief: A Brief History of Research on How Body, Mind, and Brain Adapt. Psychosom Med. 2019 Oct; 81(8): 731–738.10.1097/PSY.0000000000000717684454131180982 Search in Google Scholar

14. Bernstein M, Pfefferbaum B. Posttraumatic Growth as a Response to Natural Disasters in Children and Adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2018 May;20(5):37. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0900-4.10.1007/s11920-018-0900-429766312 Search in Google Scholar

15. Panchal N, Kamal R, Cox C, Garfield R., The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use. KFF monitor, 2021 Search in Google Scholar

16. Rabow M, Huang CH, White-Hammond G, Tucker R, Witnesses and Victims Both: Health-care Workers and Grief in the Time of COVID-19. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2021 Feb 6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.01.139 [Epub ahead of print]10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.01.139 Search in Google Scholar

17. Tang S and Xiang Z. Who suffered most after deaths due to COVID-19? Prevalence and correlates of prolonged grief disorder in COVID-19 related bereaved adults, Global Health. 2021; 17: 19. Published online 2021 Feb 11. doi: 10.1186/s12992-021-00669-5 Search in Google Scholar

18. Sveen J, Bergh Johannesson K, Cernvall M, Arnberg FK Trajectories of prolonged grief one to six years after a natural disaster. PLoS One. 2018 Dec 21;13(12): e0209757.10.1371/journal.pone.0209757630305230576369 Search in Google Scholar

19. Kristensen Pål, Dyregrov Kari, Gjestad Rolf. Different Trajectories of Prolonged Grief in Bereaved Family Members After Terror. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2020, 11: 2020:105910.3389/fpsyt.2020.545368759178533192660 Search in Google Scholar

20. Xin Xu, Jun Wen, Ningning Zhou, Guangyuan Shi, Renzhihui Tang, Jianping Wang, Natalia A. Skritskaya Grief and Posttraumatic Growth Among Chinese Bereaved Parents Who Lost Their Only Child: The Moderating Role of Interpersonal Loss, Front Psychol. 2020; 11: 558313. Search in Google Scholar

21. Zhou N., Wen J., Stelzer E. M., Killikelly C., Yu W., Xu X., et al. Prevalence and associated factors of prolonged grief disorder in Chinese parents bereaved by losing their only child. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 284:112766.10.1016/j.psychres.2020.11276631951871 Search in Google Scholar

22. Zetumer S, Young I, Shear MK, Skritskaya N, Lebowitz B, Simon N, Reynolds C, Mauro C, Zisook S. The impact of losing a child on the clinical presentation of complicated grief. J Affect Disord. 2015 Jan 1;170:15-21.10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.021425386925217759 Search in Google Scholar

23. Oginska-Bulik N. (2018). Posttraumatic positive changes among parents who have experienced the loss of a child—the role of social support. Health Psychol. 2018, 6: 118–125. 10.5114/hpr.2018.7241010.5114/hpr.2018.72410 Search in Google Scholar

24. Wang N, Hu Q. It is not simply the loss of a child: The challenges facing parents who have lost their only child in post-reproductive age in China. Death Studies 2019; 45(1):1-10 Search in Google Scholar

25. Zheng Y., Lawson T. R., Anderson Head B. “Our Only Child Has Died”—a study of bereaved older Chinese parents. Omega, 2017, 74: 410–425.10.1177/003022281561228528355993 Search in Google Scholar

26. Picoraro JA, Womer JW, Kazak AE, Feudtner C. Posttraumatic growth in parents and pediatric patients. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2014 Feb;17(2):209-218. DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2013.0280.10.1089/jpm.2013.0280399709424443768 Search in Google Scholar

27. Barnert E, Lopez N, Bourgois P, Ryan G, Chung P, Stover E., My Child’s Journey Home: Perspectives of Adult Family Members on the Separation and Reunification of the “Disappeared” Children of El Salvador. Hum Rights Q. 2019 Feb; 41(1): 91–114.10.1353/hrq.2019.0004664154131327885 Search in Google Scholar

28. Milic J, Muka T, Ikram AM, Franco OH, Tiemeier H,. Determinants and Predictors of Grief Severity and Persistence: The Rotterdam Study. J Aging Health. 2017 Dec; 29(8): 1288–1307.10.1177/0898264317720715568090728720010 Search in Google Scholar

29. Arizmendi B, Kaszniak A, O’Connor MF. Disrupted prefrontal activity during emotion processing in complicated grief: An fMRI investigation, NeuroImage, 2016, 124, Part A: 968-976,10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.054466871226434802 Search in Google Scholar

30. Freed P, Yanagihara T, Hirsch J, Mann J. Neural Mechanisms of Grief Regulation. Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Jul 1; 66(1): 33–40.10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.019278260919249748 Search in Google Scholar

31. Stroebe M., Schut H., Stroebe W. Health consequences of bereavement: A review. The Lancet, 2007; 370: 1960–1973.10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61816-9 Search in Google Scholar

32. Stroebe M. The Poetry of Grief: Beyond Scientific Portrayal. Omega (Westport). 2018 Nov; 78(1): 67–96.10.1177/0030222818792706638061030089412 Search in Google Scholar