[1. Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia:Holt-Saunders International; 1977.]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Mettlin C, Selenkas S, Natarajan N, et al. Beta-caroten, animal fats and prostate cancer risk: a case control study. Cancer 1989; 64: 605–612.10.1002/1097-0142(19890801)64:3<605::AID-CNCR2820640307>3.0.CO;2-I]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Lumey LH, Pittman B, Wynder EL. Alcohol use and prostatae cancer in U.S. whites: no association in a confirmatory study. Prostate 1998; 36(4): 250–255.10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19980901)36:4<250::AID-PROS6>3.0.CO;2-J]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Hellstrom WJG, ed.”Chapter 8: What is the prostate and what is its function?”. American Society of Andrology Handbook. San Francisco: American Society of Andrology; 1999.]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Shimizu H, Ross RK, Bernstein L, et al.Cancers of the prostate and breast among the Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles Country. Br J Cancer 1991; 63: 963–966.10.1038/bjc.1991.210]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Mettlin C. Recent developments in the epidemiology of prostate cancer. Eur JCancer 1997; 33(3): 340–347.10.1016/S0959-8049(97)89003-X]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Merril RM, Weed DL, Feuer EJ. The lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer in white and black men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997; 6(10): 763–768.]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Tsukise, A.; Yamada, K. “Complex carbohydrates in the secretory epithelium of the goat prostate”. The Histochemical Journal 16 1984; (3): 311–9.10.1007/BF01003614]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Mettlin C, Lee F, Drago J, et al. The American Cancer Society National Prostate Cancer Detection Project. Findings on the detection of early prostate cancer in 2425 men. Cancer 1991; 67: 2949–63.10.1002/1097-0142(19910615)67:12<2949::AID-CNCR2820671202>3.0.CO;2-X]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Carroll P, Coley C, McLeod D, et al. Prostate-specific antigen best practice policy--part I: early detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer. Urology 2001; 57: 217–31.10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00993-6]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Hayes RB, Brown LM, Schoenberg JB et al. Alcohol use and prostate cancer risk in US blacks and whites. Am J epidemiol 1996; 143(7): 692–697.10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008802]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Emami N, Deperthes D, Malm J et al. Major role of human KLK14 in seminal clot liquefaction. J Biol Chem 2008; 283(28): 19561–9.10.1074/jbc.M801194200]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Boyle P, Maisonneuve P, Napalkov B. Incidence of prostate cancer Will double by the year 2030: The Argument For. Eur Urol 1996; 29(suppl 2): 3–9.10.1159/000473828]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Terris MK, Peehl DM. Human papilomavirus detection by polymerase chain reaction in benign and malignant prostate tissue is dependent on the primer set utilized. Urology 1997; 50(1): 150–156.10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00126-X]Search in Google Scholar
[15. SvatekRS, KaramJA, RoehrbornCG, et al.: Preoperative plasma endoglin levels predict biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy.Clin Cancer Res. 2008; 14(11): 3362–336610.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4707]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Andriole GL, Guess HA, Epstein JI, et al. Treatment with finasteride preserves usefulness of prostate-specific antigen in the detection of prostate cancer: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. PLESS Study Group. Proscar Long-term Efficacy and Safety Study. Urology 1998; 52: 195–207.10.1016/S0090-4295(98)00184-8]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Draisma G, Boer R, Otto SJ, et al. Lead times and overdetection due to prostate-specific antigen screening: estimates from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 868–82.10.1093/jnci/95.12.868]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Tricoli JV, Schoenfeldt M, Conley BA. Detection of prostate cancer and predicting progression: current and future diagnostic markers. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 3943–50.10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0200]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Coleman MP, Esteve J, Damiecki P et al. Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publication No.121; 1993.]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Boyle P. Prostate cancer 2000: evolution of an epidemic of unknown origin. In: Denis L, ed. Prostate cancer 2000. Heidelberg: Springer – Verlag, 1994: 5–11.10.1007/978-3-642-79178-9_3]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al. Detection of organ-confined prostate cancer is increased through prostate-specific antigen-based screening. JAMA 1993; 270: 948–53.10.1001/jama.1993.03510080052031]Search in Google Scholar
[22. de Lamirande E., O’Flaherty C. Sperm activation: role of reactive oxygen species and kinases.Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008; 1784: 106–115.10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.08.024]Search in Google Scholar
[23. ParsonsJK. Modifiable risk factors for benign prostatic hiperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms : new aproaches to old problems. J Urol 2007; 178(2): 395–401.10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.103]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al.: Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008; 58(2): 71–96.10.3322/CA.2007.0010]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Brawer MK, Chetner MP, Beatie J, et al. Screening for prostatic carcinoma with prostate specific antigen. J Urol 1992; 147: 841–52.10.1016/S0022-5347(17)37401-3]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Crawford ED, DeAntoni EP, Etzioni R, et al. Serum prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination for early detection of prostate cancer in a national community-based program. The Prostate Cancer Education Council. Urology 1996; 47: 863–74.10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00061-1]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Draisma G, Etzioni R, Tsodikov A, et al.: Lead time and overdiagnosis in prostate-specific antigen screening: importance of methods and context. J Natl Cancer Inst. 101; 374–383: 2009.10.1093/jnci/djp001272069719276453]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Hayes RB, Brown LM, Schoenberg JB et al. Alcohol use and prostate cancer risk in US blacks and whites. Am J epidemiol 1996;143(7): 692–697.10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a0088028651231]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Andriole GL, Levin DL, Crawford ED, et al.: Prostate Cancer Screening in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial: findings from the initial screening round of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(6): 433–43810.1093/jnci/dji06515770007]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Anglin IE, Glassman DT, Kyprianou N et al.: Induction of prostate apoptosis by alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists: mechanistic significance of the quinazoline component. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2002; 5(2): 88–95 2002.10.1038/sj.pcan.450056112496995]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Coppola V, Musumeci M, Patrizii M, et al. BTG2 loss and miR-21 upregulation contribute to prostate cell transformation by inducing luminal markers expression and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Oncogene. 2013; 32(14): 1843–1853.10.1038/onc.2012.19422614007]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Filella X, Foj L. miRNAs as novel biomarkers in the management of prostate cancer. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017; 55(5): 715–736.10.1515/cclm-2015-107326751899]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Tomlins SA, Laxman B, Dhanasekaran SM, et al. Distinct classes of chromosomal rearrangements create oncogenic ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer. Nature. 2007; 448: 595–599.10.1038/nature0602417671502]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Soller MJ, Isaksson M, Elfving P, et al. Confirmation of the high frequency of the TMPRSS2/ERG fusion gene in prostate cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2006; 45: 717–719.10.1002/gcc.2032916575875]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Folini M, Gandellini P, Longoni N, et al. miR21: an oncomir on strike in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer. 2010; 9: 12.10.1186/1476-4598-9-12282365020092645]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Mehra R, Tomlins SA, Yu J, et al. Characterization of TMPRSS2-ETS Gene Aberrations in Androgen-Independent Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res. 2008; 68: 3584–359010.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6154267716818483239]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Liu B, Gu X, Huang T, et al. Identification of TMPRSS2-ERG mechanisms in prostate cancer invasiveness: Involvement of MMP-9 and plexin B1. Oncology Reports Jan 2017; 37(1): 201–208.10.3892/or.2016.527728004109]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Pettersson A1, Graff RE, Bauer SR, et al. The TMPRSS2:ERG rearrangement, ERG expression, and prostate cancer outcomes: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Sep 2012; 21(9): 1497–509.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0042]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Kulda V, Topolcan O, Kucera R, et al. Prognostic Significance of TMPRSS2-ERG Fusion Gene in Prostate Cancer. Anticancer Research. Sep 2016; 36(9): 4787–4793.10.21873/anticanres.11037]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Saramäki O.R, Harjula A.E, Martikainen P.M, et al. TMPRSS2:ERG Fusion Identifies a Subgroup of Prostate Cancers with a Favorable Prognosis. Clin Cancer Res. Jun 2008; 14(11): 3395–3400.10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-2051]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Krstanoski Z, Kokalj Vokac N, Zagorac A, et al. TMPRSS2:ERG gene aberrations may provide insight into pT stage in prostate cancer.BMC UROL. 2016 Jul 4; 16(1): 35. doi: 10.1186/s12894-016-0160-8.10.1186/s12894-016-0160-8493276527377958]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Yılmaz O, Berber U, Okçelik S, et al.TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in Turkish patients with localized prostate cancer: results of radical pros-tatectomy specimens J Urol. 2016 Jun; 42(2): 60–63. doi: 10.5152/tud.2016.9476310.5152/tud.2016.94763485791827274888]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Noonan KL, North S, Bitting RL, et al. Clinical activity of abiraterone acetate in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after enzalutamide. Ann Oncol. 2013; 24(7): 1802–1807.10.1093/annonc/mdt13823585511]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Lapointe J, Kim YH, Miller MA, et al. A variant TMPRSS2 isoform and ERG fusion product in prostate cancer with implications for molecular diagnosis. Mod. Pathol. 2007; 20: 467–473.10.1038/modpathol.3800759]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Cerveira N, Ribeiro FR, Peixoto A, et al. TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion causing ERG overexpression precedes chromosome copy number changes in prostate carcinomas and paired HGPIN lesions. Neoplasia. 2006; 8: 826–832.10.1593/neo.06427171593017032499]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Clark J, Merson S, Jhavar S, et al. Diversity of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcripts in the human prostate. Oncogene. 2007; 26: 2667–2673.10.1038/sj.onc.121007017043636]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Hermans KG, van Marion R, van Dekken H, et al. TMPRSS2:ERG fusion by translocation or inter-stitial deletion is highly relevant in androgen-dependent prostate cancer, but is bypassed in late-stage androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2006; 66: 10658–10663.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-187117108102]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Iljin K, Wolf M, Edgren H, et al. TMPRSS2 fusions with oncogenic ETS factors in prostate cancer involve unbalanced genomic rearrangements and are associated with HDAC1 and epigenetic reprogramming. Cancer Res. 2006; 66: 10242–10246.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-198617079440]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Perner S, Demichelis F, Beroukhim R, et al. TMPRSS2:ERG fusion-associated deletions provide insight into the heterogeneity of prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2006; 66: 8337–8341.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-148216951139]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Wang J, Cai Y, Ren C, et al. Expression of variant TMPRSS2/ERG fusion messenger RNAs is associated with aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2006; 66: 8347–8351.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-196616951141]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Demichelis F, Fall K, Perner S, et al. TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion associated with lethal prostate cancer in a watchful waiting cohort. Oncogene. 2007; 26: 4596–4599.10.1038/sj.onc.121023717237811]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Mehra R, Tomlins SA, Shen R, et al. Comprehensive assessment of TMPRSS2 and ETS family gene aberrations in clinically localized prostate cancer. Mod. Pathol. 2007; 20: 538–544.10.1038/modpathol.3800769]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Nam RK, Sugar L, Wang Z, et al. Expression of TMPRSS2 ERG gene fusion in prostate cancer cells is an important prognostic factor for cancer progression. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2007; 6: 40–45.10.4161/cbt.6.1.3489]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Rajput AB, Miller MA, De Luca A, et al. Frequency of the TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion is increased in moderate to poorly differentiated prostate cancers. J. Clin. Pathol. 2007; 60: 1238–1243.10.1136/jcp.2006.043810]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Tomlins SA, Laxman B, Varambally S, et al. Role of the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in prostate cancer. Neoplasia. 2008; 10: 177–188.10.1593/neo.07822224469318283340]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Kumar-Sinha C, Tomlins SA, Chinnaiyan AM. Recurrent gene fusions in prostate cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2008; 8: 497–511.10.1038/nrc2402]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Rubin MA. Targeted therapy of cancer: new roles for pathologists–prostate cancer. Mod. Pathol. 2008; 21(Suppl. 2): S44–S55.10.1038/modpathol.2008.1118437173]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Stuart RO, Wachsman W, Berry CC, et al. In silico dissection of cell-type-associated patterns of gene expression in prostate cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2004; 101: 615–620.10.1073/pnas.253647910032719614722351]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Syed JS, Javier-Desloges J, Tatzel S, et al. Current management strategy for active surveillance in prostate cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2017; 19(2): 11.10.1007/s11912-017-0569-628220449]Search in Google Scholar