Assessing the innovative skills and competencies required of construction management graduates

Fig. 1:

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3:

Construction manager competencies expected skills variable analysis

Descriptive statistics (variables = 13; N = 330)
Coding	Mean	Std. deviation	RII	Ranking
CMES5	4.68	0.567	0.93	1st
CMES1	4.51	0.681	0.90	2nd
CMES13	4.41	0.693	0.88	3rd
CMES12	4.38	0.727	0.87	4th
CMES6	4.37	0.686	0.87	5th
CMES11	4.37	0.650	0.87	6th
CMES10	4.33	0.746	0.86	7th
CMES2	4.33	0.733	0.86	8th
CMES4	4.33	0.694	0.86	9th
CMES3	4.30	0.789	0.86	10th
CMES8	4.28	0.721	0.85	11th
CMES7	4.26	0.776	0.85	12th
CMES9	4.25	0.824	0.85	13th

Data reliability test

KMO and Bartlett’s test
		Competencies variables 27	Skills variables 13
KMO measure of sampling adequacy		0.892	0.893
Bartlett’s test of sphericity	Approx. chi-square	2006.213	775.901
	Df	351	78
	Sig.	0.000	0.000

Cronbach’s α test

	Reliability statistics
	Cronbach’s α	Cronbach’s α based on standard-ised items	N variable
Expected competency	0.881	0.880	27
Expected skills	0.813	0.813	13

Criteria guide for EFA

S. No.	Criteria	Parameter
1.	Factor loading value	≥0.35
2.	Eigen factor value	>1
3.	KMO test	≥0.5
4.	Correlation matrix of variables	≥0.05
5.	Test of sphericity anti-image	<0.05
6.	Percentage of variance	≥50%
7.	Variable communality value ≥0.05	Variable communality value ≥0.05
8.	Parallel analysis test	Real eigenvalue factor > random order eigenvalue factor

Component clustering (competencies)

Rotated component matrix
	Component
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
CMC7	0.659
CMC19	0.641
CMC16	0.596
CMC22	0.469
CMC2		0.708
CMC3		0.6200
CMC20		0.496
CMC4		0.495
CMC8		0.405
CMC18			0.657
CMC21			0.566
CMC17			0.534
CMC24			0.424
CMC5				0.733
CMC14				0.564
CMC13				0.423
CMC12				0.423
CMC6				0.358
CMC9					0.640
CMC11					0.593
CMC10					0.468
CMC1					0.459
CMC15	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
CMC26						0.751
CMC23						0.550
CMC25	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
CMC27							0.820

Critical competencies expected of CMG

S/N	Coding	Expected competency	References
1.	CMC1	Team leadership and management	Love et al. 2001; Dainty et al. 2004; Male et al. 2010; Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Mühlbacher et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Wang and Cheng 2022
2.	CMC2	Knowledge of the biding and tendering process	Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Wang and Cheng 2022
3.	CMC3	Risk management	Abdullah et al. 2017; Wang and Cheng 2022
4.	CMC4	Pre-contract planning and programming	Affandi et al. 2013; Wang and Cheng 2022
5.	CMC5	Honesty and integrity	Love et al. 2001; Dainty et al. 2004; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Pellisé Tintoré 2014; Mitcheltree et al. 2019
6.	CMC6	Site survey and analysis of construction site	Love et al. 2001; Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Wang and Cheng 2022
7.	CMC7	Analysing design solutions	Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Wang and Cheng 2022
8.	CMC8	Basic knowledge of procurement	Affandi et al. 2013, Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Wang and Cheng 2022
9.	CMC9	Client care	Dainty et al. 2004; Affandi et al. 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Wang and Cheng 2022
10.	CMC10	Basic knowledge of various forms of building and construction contracts	Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Wang and Cheng 2022
11.	CMC11	Conflict avoidance and management or interpersonal understanding	Affandi et al. 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021
12.	CMC12	Ability to set up an expediting log and procurement, submittal of log	Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021
13.	CMC13	Basic knowledge of health and safety in construction practice	Love et al. 2001; Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017
14.	CMC14	Basic understanding of construction drawing interpretation	Male et al. 2010; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Plawgo and Ertman 2021
15.	CMC15	Contract administering and managing subcontracts	Affandi et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019
16.	CMC16	Competency in the reviewing and selection of qualified subcontractors	Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021
17.	CMC17	Tool and machine maintenance and quality management competency	Male et al. 2010; Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017
18.	CMC18	Labour and resource management	Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017
19.	CMC19	Ability to manage project variations, cash flow forecasting and monitoring	Jabar et al. 2013; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Wang and Cheng 2022
20.	CMC20	Knowledge and understanding of project specifications	Love et al. 2001; Male et al. 2010; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021
21.	CMC21	Ability to prepare the schedule of work and project progress and technical report	Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Wang and Cheng 2022
22.	CMC22	Basic understanding of construction code and regulation	Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021
23.	CMC23	Understand and apply construction-related software knowledge	Love et al. 2001; Abdullah et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019
24.	CMC24	Knowledge of sustainability in construction	Affandi et al. 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021
25.	CMC25	Knowledge of project brief preparation	Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017
26.	CMC26	Computer skills – Excel, MS Office, Adobe, Internet-based, etc.	Love et al. 2001; Male et al. 2010; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Plawgo and Ertman 2021
27.	CMC27	Good communication	Mühlbacher et al. 2013; Rahman and Ayer 2017; Kolarić et al. 2018; Hodorog et al. 2019; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Plawgo and Ertman 2021; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021; Wang and Cheng 2022

Construction manager competencies variable analysis

Descriptive statistics (variables = 27; N = 330)
Coding	Mean	Std. deviation	RII	Ranking
CMC27	4.73	0.466	0.95	1st
CMC5	4.71	0.528	0.94	2nd
CMC23	4.68	0.615	0.93	3rd
CMC18	4.62	0.599	0.92	4th
CMC21	4.59	0.657	0.91	5th
CMC1	4.55	0.657	0.91	6th
CMC26	4.52	0.685	0.90	7th
CMC14	4.50	0.694	0.90	8th
CMC20	4.50	0.672	0.90	9th
CMC17	4.49	0.681	0.90	10th
CMC13	4.42	0.702	0.88	11th
CMC24	4.42	0.694	0.88	12th
CMC15	4.40	0.722	0.88	13th
CMC25	4.40	0.659	0.88	14th
CMC12	4.39	0.720	0.87	15th
CMC11	4.39	0.676	0.87	16th
CMC6	4.38	0.701	0.87	17th
CMC22	4.38	0.648	0.87	18th
CMC19	4.37	0.716	0.87	19th
CMC4	4.35	0.707	0.87	20th
CMC16	4.35	0.691	0.87	21st
CMC2	4.34	0.739	0.86	22nd
CMC10	4.33	0.762	0.86	23rd
CMC8	4.30	0.793	0.86	24th
CMC3	4.30	0.722	0.86	25th
CMC7	4.27	0.789	0.85	26th
CMC9	4.26	0.836	0.85	27th

Significance level

RII values	Significance level
0.81 ≤ RII ≤ 1.00	High	H
0.61 ≤ RII ≤ 0.80	High-medium	H-M
0.41 ≤ RII ≤ 0.60	Medium	M
0.21 ≤ RII ≤ 0.40	Medium-low	M-L
0.00 ≤ RII ≤ 0.20	Low	L

Core innovative skill

S/N	Coding	Expected skills	References
1.	CMES1	Critical thinking and openness to feedback	Yogeshwaran et al. 2018; Hodorog et al. 2019; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Wang and Cheng 2022
2.	CMES2	Technical problem-solving and analytical skills	Ku and Taiebat 2011; Rahman and Ayer 2017; Uhm et al. 2017; Yakami et al. 2017; Hodorog et al. 2019
3.	CMES3	Basic modelling specification, validation, access management and control	Ku and Taiebat 2011; Bozoglu 2016; Uhm et al. 2017; Kolarić et al. 2018; Hodorog et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2020
4.	CMES4	ICT skill	Ku and Taiebat 2011; Demirdoven and Arditi 2014b; Uhm et al. 2017; Yakami et al. 2017; Hodorog et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2020; Plawgo and Ertman 2021
5.	CMES5	Teamwork skill	Raiola 2016; Rahman and Ayer 2017; Uhm et al. 2017; Yakami et al. 2017; Hodorog et al. 2019
6.	CMES6	Basic understanding of the BIM process	Barison and Santos 2010; Ku and Taiebat 2011; Bozoglu 2016; Raiola 2016; Rahman and Ayer 2017; Uhm et al. 2017; Yakami et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2020
7.	CMES7	Knowledge over the construction process	Bozoglu 2016; Raiola 2016; Uhm et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021
8.	CMES8	Design coordination	Bozoglu 2016; Raiola 2016; Uhm et al. 2017; Yakami et al. 2017
9.	CMES9	Ability to coordinate BIM	Ku and Taiebat 2011; Demirdoven and Arditi 2014b; Bozoglu 2016; Uhm et al. 2017; Kolarić et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2020
10.	CMES10	Passion for learning new software	Demirdoven and Arditi 2014b; Bozoglu 2016; Yakami et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2020
11.	CMES11	Experience in the use of VDC/big room method	Yakami et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021
12.	CMES12	Quality and document management	Yakami et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021
13.	CMES13	Technical decision-making	Mühlbacher et al. 2013; Bozoglu 2016; Yakami et al. 2017; Kolarić et al. 2018

Guide for factor loading selection based on response rate

S. No.	Value of factor loading	Response rate
1.	0.75	50–59
2.	0.70	60–69
3.	0.65	70–99
4.	0.55	100–119
5.	0.50	120–149
6.	0.45	150–199
7.	0.40	200–249
8.	0.35	250–349
9.	0.30	350 and above

Rotated component factor loading interpretation of the 25 retained variables

Component	Component naming	Competencies	Code	Factor loading
1	Project management and planning-related component	Analysing design solutions	CMC7	0.659
		Ability for managing project variations, cash flow forecasting and monitoring	CMC19	0.641
		Competency in the reviewing and selection of qualified subcontractors	CMC16	0.596
		Basic understanding of construction code and regulation	CMC22	0.469
2	Pre-contract planning and hazard management	Knowledge of the biding and tendering process	CMC2	0.708
		Risk management	CMC3	0.620
		Knowledge and understanding of project specifications	CMC20	0.496
		Pre-contract planning and programming	CMC4	0.495
		Basic knowledge of procurement	CMC8	0.405
3.	On-site construction management component	Tool and machine maintenance and quality management competency	CMC17	0.534
		Labour and resource management	CMC18	0.657
		Ability to prepare the schedule of work and project progress and technical report	CMC21	0.566
		Knowledge of sustainability in construction	CMC24	0.424
4	Basic construction management component	Honesty and integrity	CMC5	0.733
		Site survey and analysis of construction site	CMC6	0.358
		Ability to set up an expediting log and procurement, submittal of log	CMC12	0.423
		Basic knowledge of health and safety in construction practice	CMC13	0.423
		Basic understanding of construction drawing interpretation	CMC14	0.564
5	Peace-making and management-related component	Team leadership and management.	CMC1	0.459
		Client care	CMC9	0.640
		Basic knowledge of various forms of building and construction contracts	CMC10	0.468
		Conflict avoidance and management or interpersonal understanding	CMC11	0.593
6	ICT-related component	Computer skills – Excel, MS Office, Adobe, Internet-based, etc.	CMC26	0.751
		Understanding and application of construction-related software knowledge	CMC23	0.550
7	Communication component	Good communication	CMC27	0.820