Membranes |
Membrane bioreactors – tyrosinase enzyme on Escherichia coli biopolymer |
pH 7.5, 20 h |
98% with 140 ± 6 mg·g-1 No apparent capacity loss over three consecutive cycles |
[33] |
Adsorbents |
Activated carbon Palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) shells |
|
Large surface areas, strong mechanical characteristics |
[27] |
PPAC-ZnO |
313 K 10 ppm CQ |
78.89% Adsorption capacity increases with temperature |
[28] |
A-GO hydrogel |
|
Adsorption 63 mg·g-1 |
[29, 30] |
GAC-GO |
Equilibrium time 18 h |
37.65 mg·g-1 Adsorption |
[32] |
Organo-clay raw kaolinite treated with citric acid |
20 mg·L-1 CQ 120 min |
99.28% Maximum sorption capacity is 4.03 mg·g-1 |
Soybean hull residues functionalized with iron oxide nanoparticles (SBH-Fe3O4) |
120 min 318 K |
Adsorption capacity 98.84 mg·g-1 Reuse five cycles |
[34] |
Iron and magnesium comodified rape straw biochar (Fe/Mg-RSB) |
pH (3–11) CQ 4–25 mg·L-1 at 180 r·min-1 for 8 h 308 K |
Adsorption capacity of 42.93 mg·g-1 |
[35] |
MOF sheet, namely BUC-21(Fe) FeSO4·7H2O, 1,3-dibenzyl-2-imidazoli-done-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (H2L) and 4,4’-bipyridine (bpy) |
pH = 5.0 30 min |
100% C•OH 242.5 mmol·L-1, H2O2 consumption 83.2% |
[36] |
Catalysts |
Ferrate-Fe(VI) |
CQ 10 μM Fe(VI) 40–180 mM time 1–20 min |
59% CQ removal Algae, antimicrobial, toxicity reduction |
[19] |
CWAO HEO – (MgCuMnCoFe) Ox |
Oxygen pressure of 15 bar, catalyst dosage of 1.4 g·L-1, and temperature of 230°C |
34.6% and 41.2% higher than that without the HEO system |
[11] |
Single cobalt atoms in a defined Co–N3 coordination structure |
pH range (3–11) employing the SA Co-N-C (30) |
100% |
[24, 25] |
Biochar-supported RM-BC activated persulfate process |
20 mg·L-1 40 min |
84.8% |
[26] |
Carbon nanotube-loaded CoFe2O4 (CoFe2O4@CNTs) composite |
10 mg·L-1 CQ pH 7 |
Mineralization efficiency 33%, removal efficiency 98.7% |
[37] |
Advanced oxidation processes |
SR-AOP |
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS, ) peroxy disulfate (PDS, ) 10.0 mg·L-1 |
P25M175-94.6% within 30 min |
[23] |
UV/PS |
pH = 6.9 10 min |
91.3% CQ reactions with •OH and were 8.9 × 109 L·(mol·s)-1 and 1.4 × 1010 L·(mol·s)-1 |
[38] |
Photocatalysis-activated SR-AOP over PDINH/MIL-88A(Fe) composites |
10.0 mg·L-1 CQ P25M175 30 min |
94.6% Good reusability and stability |
[23] |
Electrocoagulation |
66.89 mA·cm–2, 600 rpm 60 min electrolysis time 3 mg·L-1 CQ, pH = 6.5 |
95% dissolved aluminum electrodes 0.228 kg·m-3 energy consumption of 12.243 kWh·m-3 |
[39] |
EFP |
Carbon felt cathode and BDD anode |
92% (TOC) |
[20] |
FBER |
BDD electrodes batch recirculation mode 9 h, pH 5.38, 34.4 mA·cm-2, and liquid flow rate (Q) of 1.42 L·min-1 |
Degradation 89.3%, COD 51.6%, mineralization 53.1% energy consumption 0.041 kWh·L-1 |
[40] |
Electro-Fenton with pyrite (FeS2)-modified graphite felt (FeS2/GF) cathode |
pH of 3.0 FeS2 loading-10 mg, current density 150 mA, electrode spacing 2.0 cm |
83.3 ± 0.4% 60 min CQ removal, retains 60.0% CQ removal in consecutive batch tests |
[41] |