Curators of digital counterpublics: Mapping alternative news environments in Sweden and Denmark

Asen, R. (2000). Seeking the “counter” in counterpublics. Communication Theory, 10(4), 424–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2000.tb00201.x AsenR. 2000 Seeking the “counter” in counterpublics Communication Theory 10 4 424 446 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2000.tb00201.x Search in Google Scholar

Atton, C. (2002). Alternative media. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446220153 AttonC. 2002 Alternative media Sage https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446220153 Search in Google Scholar

Bengtsson, M., Hansen, A. S., Hartley, J. M., Kristensen, J. B., Mayerhöffer, E., & Ramsland, T. (2021). Conspiracy theories during Covid 19: The case of Denmark. Roskilde University. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5556012 BengtssonM. HansenA. S. HartleyJ. M. KristensenJ. B. MayerhöfferE. RamslandT. 2021 Conspiracy theories during Covid 19: The case of Denmark Roskilde University https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5556012 Search in Google Scholar

Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001 BenklerY. FarisR. RobertsH. 2018 Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics Oxford University Press https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001 Search in Google Scholar

Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2013). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139198752 BennettW. L. SegerbergA. 2013 The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics Cambridge University Press https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139198752 Search in Google Scholar

Blondel, V., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment, P10008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008 BlondelV. GuillaumeJ.-L. LambiotteR. LefebvreE. 2008 Fast unfolding of communities in large networks Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment P10008 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008 Search in Google Scholar

Boberg, S., Quandt, T., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., & Frischlich, L. (2020). Pandemic populism: Facebook pages of alternative news media and the corona crisis – A computational content analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.02566. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.02566 BobergS. QuandtT. Schatto-EckrodtT. FrischlichL. 2020 Pandemic populism: Facebook pages of alternative news media and the corona crisis – A computational content analysis arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.02566. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.02566 Search in Google Scholar

Brems, M. K. (2023). Party-political and ideological partisanship in Danish alternative media: How distinguishing between types of partisanship can advance our understanding of the political roles of alternative media. Journalism Studies, 24(2), 244–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2157316 BremsM. K. 2023 Party-political and ideological partisanship in Danish alternative media: How distinguishing between types of partisanship can advance our understanding of the political roles of alternative media Journalism Studies 24 2 244 269 https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2157316 Search in Google Scholar

Brouwer, D. C. (2006). Communication as counterpublic. In G. J. Shepherd, J. St. John, & T. Striphas (Eds.), Communication as…perspectives on theory. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483329055 BrouwerD. C. 2006 Communication as counterpublic In ShepherdG. J. St. JohnJ. StriphasT. (Eds.), Communication as…perspectives on theory Sage https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483329055 Search in Google Scholar

Bruns, A. (2005). Gatewatching: Collaborative online news production. Peter Lang. BrunsA. 2005 Gatewatching: Collaborative online news production Peter Lang Search in Google Scholar

Bruns, A. (2015). Working the story: News curation in social media as a second wave of citizen journalism. In C. Atton (Ed.), The Routledge companion to alternative and community media (pp. 379–388). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315717241. BrunsA. 2015 Working the story: News curation in social media as a second wave of citizen journalism In AttonC. (Ed.), The Routledge companion to alternative and community media 379 388 Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315717241. Search in Google Scholar

Bruns, A. (2018). Gatewatching and news curation: Journalism social media and the public sphere. Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/b13293 BrunsA. 2018 Gatewatching and news curation: Journalism social media and the public sphere Peter Lang https://doi.org/10.3726/b13293 Search in Google Scholar

Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, C., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(3), 554–559. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113 Del VicarioM. BessiA. ZolloF. PetroniF. ScalaA. CaldarelliC. StanleyH. E. QuattrociocchiW. 2016 The spreading of misinformation online Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 3 554 559 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517441113 Search in Google Scholar

Downey, J., & Fenton, N. (2003). New media, counter publicity and the public sphere. New Media & Society, 5(2), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002003 DowneyJ. FentonN. 2003 New media, counter publicity and the public sphere New Media & Society 5 2 185 202 https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002003 Search in Google Scholar

Downing, J. D. H. (2001). Radical media: Rebellious communication and social movements. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204994 DowningJ. D. H. 2001 Radical media: Rebellious communication and social movements Sage https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204994 Search in Google Scholar

Ekman, M., & Widholm, A. (2022). Parasitic news: Adoption and adaption of journalistic conventions in hybrid political communication. Journalism, 25(2), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221136940 EkmanM. WidholmA. 2022 Parasitic news: Adoption and adaption of journalistic conventions in hybrid political communication Journalism 25 2 295 312 https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221136940 Search in Google Scholar

Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text, 25/26, 56–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/466240 FraserN. 1990 Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy Social Text 25/26 56 80 https://doi.org/10.2307/466240 Search in Google Scholar

Freudenthaler, R. (2020). Which online counter-publics on Facebook are fostering agonistic respect? An assessment of counter-publics debating Germany’s refugee policy. Javnost – The Public, 27(3), 247–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2020.1804121 FreudenthalerR. 2020 Which online counter-publics on Facebook are fostering agonistic respect? An assessment of counter-publics debating Germany’s refugee policy Javnost – The Public 27 3 247 265 https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2020.1804121 Search in Google Scholar

Giglietto, F., Righetti, N., Rossi, L., & Marino, G. (2020). It takes a village to manipulate the media: Coordinated link sharing behavior during 2018 and 2019 Italian elections. Information, Communication & Society, 23(6), 867–891. https://doi.org/10/ggsmrg GigliettoF. RighettiN. RossiL. MarinoG. 2020 It takes a village to manipulate the media: Coordinated link sharing behavior during 2018 and 2019 Italian elections Information, Communication & Society 23 6 867 891 https://doi.org/10/ggsmrg Search in Google Scholar

Graham, T., Bruns, A., Zhu, G., & Campbell, R. (2020). Like a virus: The coordinated spread of coronavirus disinformation. The Australia Institute. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/202960 GrahamT. BrunsA. ZhuG. CampbellR. 2020 Like a virus: The coordinated spread of coronavirus disinformation The Australia Institute https://eprints.qut.edu.au/202960 Search in Google Scholar

Grimme, C., Assenmacher, D., & Adam, L. (2018). Changing perspectives: Is it sufficient to detect social bots? In G. Meiselwitz (Ed.), Social computing and social media: User experience and behavior (Vol. 10913) (pp. 445–461). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91521-0_32 GrimmeC. AssenmacherD. AdamL. 2018 Changing perspectives: Is it sufficient to detect social bots? In MeiselwitzG. (Ed.), Social computing and social media: User experience and behavior 10913 445 461 Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91521-0_32 Search in Google Scholar

Haanshuus, B. P., & Ihlebæk, K. A. (2021). Recontextualising the news: How antisemitic discourses are constructed in extreme far-right alternative media. Nordicom Review, 42(S1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0005 HaanshuusB. P. IhlebækK. A. 2021 Recontextualising the news: How antisemitic discourses are constructed in extreme far-right alternative media Nordicom Review 42 S1 37 50 https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0005 Search in Google Scholar

Harcup, T. (2012). Alternative journalism, alternative voices. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203077214 HarcupT. 2012 Alternative journalism, alternative voices Routledge https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203077214 Search in Google Scholar

Heft, A., & Buehling, K. (2022). Measuring the diffusion of conspiracy theories in digital information ecologies. Convergence, 28(4), 940–961. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221091809 HeftA. BuehlingK. 2022 Measuring the diffusion of conspiracy theories in digital information ecologies Convergence 28 4 940 961 https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221091809 Search in Google Scholar

Heft, A., Knüpfer, C., Reinhardt, S., & Mayerhöffer, E. (2021). Toward a transnational information ecology on the right? Hyperlink networking among right-wing digital news sites in Europe and the United States. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(2), 484–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220963670 HeftA. KnüpferC. ReinhardtS. MayerhöfferE. 2021 Toward a transnational information ecology on the right? Hyperlink networking among right-wing digital news sites in Europe and the United States The International Journal of Press/Politics 26 2 484 504 https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220963670 Search in Google Scholar

Heft, A., Mayerhöffer, E., Reinhardt, S., & Knüpfer, C. (2020). Beyond Breitbart: Comparing right-wing digital news infrastructures in six western democracies. Policy & Internet, 12(1), 20–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.219 HeftA. MayerhöfferE. ReinhardtS. KnüpferC. 2020 Beyond Breitbart: Comparing right-wing digital news infrastructures in six western democracies Policy & Internet 12 1 20 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.219 Search in Google Scholar

Herasimenka, A., Bright, J., Knuutila, A., & Howard, P. N. (2022). Misinformation and professional news on largely unmoderated platforms: The case of Telegram. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 20(2), 198–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2076272 HerasimenkaA. BrightJ. KnuutilaA. HowardP. N. 2022 Misinformation and professional news on largely unmoderated platforms: The case of Telegram Journal of Information Technology and Politics 20 2 198 212 https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2076272 Search in Google Scholar

Hiaeshutter-Rice, D., & Weeks, B. (2021). Understanding audience engagement with mainstream and alternative news posts on Facebook. Digital Journalism, 9(5), 519–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1924068 Hiaeshutter-RiceD. WeeksB. 2021 Understanding audience engagement with mainstream and alternative news posts on Facebook Digital Journalism 9 5 519 548 https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1924068 Search in Google Scholar

Holt, K., Figenschou, T. U., & Frischlich, L. (2019). Key dimensions of alternative news media. Digital Journalism, 7(7), 860–869. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715 HoltK. FigenschouT. U. FrischlichL. 2019 Key dimensions of alternative news media Digital Journalism 7 7 860 869 https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715 Search in Google Scholar

Howard, P. (2020). Lie machines: How to save democracy from troll armies, deceitful robots, junk news operations, and political operatives. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300252415 HowardP. 2020 Lie machines: How to save democracy from troll armies, deceitful robots, junk news operations, and political operatives Yale University Press https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300252415 Search in Google Scholar

Humprecht, E., Hellmueller, L., & Lischka, J. A. (2020). Hostile emotions in news comments: A cross-national analysis of Facebook discussions. Social Media + Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120912481 HumprechtE. HellmuellerL. LischkaJ. A. 2020 Hostile emotions in news comments: A cross-national analysis of Facebook discussions Social Media + Society 6 1 https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120912481 Search in Google Scholar

Häussler, T. (2021). Civil society, the media and the internet: Changing roles and challenging authorities in digital political communication ecologies. Information, Communication & Society, 24(9), 1265–1282. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1697338 HäusslerT. 2021 Civil society, the media and the internet: Changing roles and challenging authorities in digital political communication ecologies Information, Communication & Society 24 9 1265 1282 https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1697338 Search in Google Scholar

Ihlebæk, K. A., Figenschou, T. U., Eldridge II, S. A., Frischlich, L., Cushion, S., & Holt, K. (2022). Understanding alternative news media and its contribution to diversity. Digital Journalism, 10(8), 1267–1282. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2134165 IhlebækK. A. FigenschouT. U. EldridgeS. A.II FrischlichL. CushionS. HoltK. 2022 Understanding alternative news media and its contribution to diversity Digital Journalism 10 8 1267 1282 https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2134165 Search in Google Scholar

Ihlebæk, K. A., & Nygaard, S. (2021). Right-wing alternative media in the Scandinavian political communication landscape. In E. Skogerbø, Ø. Ihlen, N. N. Kristensen, & L. W. Nord (Eds.), Power, communication, and politics in the Nordic countries (pp. 263–282). Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855299-13 IhlebækK. A. NygaardS. 2021 Right-wing alternative media in the Scandinavian political communication landscape In SkogerbøE. IhlenØ. KristensenN. N. NordL. W. (Eds.), Power, communication, and politics in the Nordic countries 263 282 Nordicom, University of Gothenburg https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855299-13 Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, S., & Kreiss, D. (2023). Recentering power: Conceptualizing counterpublics and defensive publics. Communication Theory, 33(2–3), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtad004 JacksonS. KreissD. 2023 Recentering power: Conceptualizing counterpublics and defensive publics Communication Theory 33 2–3 102 111 https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtad004 Search in Google Scholar

Kaiser, J., & Rauchfleisch, A. (2019). Integrating concepts of counterpublics into generalised public sphere frameworks: Contemporary transformations in radical forms. Javnost – The Public, 26(3), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1558676 KaiserJ. RauchfleischA. 2019 Integrating concepts of counterpublics into generalised public sphere frameworks: Contemporary transformations in radical forms Javnost – The Public 26 3 241 257 https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1558676 Search in Google Scholar

Kleis Nielsen, R., & Ganter, S. A. (2018). Dealing with digital intermediaries: A case study of the relations between publishers and platforms. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1600–1617. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817701318 Kleis NielsenR. GanterS. A. 2018 Dealing with digital intermediaries: A case study of the relations between publishers and platforms New Media & Society 20 4 1600 1617 https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817701318 Search in Google Scholar

Kristensen, J. B., Henriksen, F. M., & Mayerhöffer, E. (2023). Did Covid-19 blur partisan boundaries? A comparison of partisan affinity and source heterophily in online alternative news-sharing networks before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Social Media + Society, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231192963 KristensenJ. B. HenriksenF. M. MayerhöfferE. 2023 Did Covid-19 blur partisan boundaries? A comparison of partisan affinity and source heterophily in online alternative news-sharing networks before and during the Covid-19 pandemic Social Media + Society 9 3 https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231192963 Search in Google Scholar

Larsson, A. O. (2019). News use as amplification: Norwegian national, regional, and hyperpartisan media on Facebook. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 721–741. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019831439 LarssonA. O. 2019 News use as amplification: Norwegian national, regional, and hyperpartisan media on Facebook Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 96 3 721 741 https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019831439 Search in Google Scholar

Lien, A. N. (2022). A battle for truth: Islam-related counterpublic discourse on Scandinavian news media Facebook pages. New Media & Society, OnlineFirst. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211068436 LienA. N. 2022 A battle for truth: Islam-related counterpublic discourse on Scandinavian news media Facebook pages New Media & Society OnlineFirst. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211068436 Search in Google Scholar

Loucaides, D., & Perrone, A. (2022, March 10). The media giant you’ve never heard of, and why you should pay attention. openDemocracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/epoch-times-media-giant-youve-never-heard-of-and-why-you-should-pay-attention/ LoucaidesD. PerroneA. 2022 March 10 The media giant you’ve never heard of, and why you should pay attention openDemocracy https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/epoch-times-media-giant-youve-never-heard-of-and-why-you-should-pay-attention/ Search in Google Scholar

Mayerhöffer, E. (2021). How do Danish right-wing alternative media position themselves against the mainstream? Advancing the study of alternative media structure and content. Journalism Studies, 22(2), 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1814846 MayerhöfferE. 2021 How do Danish right-wing alternative media position themselves against the mainstream? Advancing the study of alternative media structure and content Journalism Studies 22 2 119 136 https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1814846 Search in Google Scholar

Mayerhöffer, E., & Heft, A. (2022). Between journalistic and movement logic: Disentangling referencing practices of right-wing alternative online news media. Digital Journalism, 10(8), 1409–1430. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1974915 MayerhöfferE. HeftA. 2022 Between journalistic and movement logic: Disentangling referencing practices of right-wing alternative online news media Digital Journalism 10 8 1409 1430 https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1974915 Search in Google Scholar

Mayerhöffer, E., & Schwartz, S. A. (2020). Fake eller partisk? Hyperpartiske onlinemedier i den danske valgkamp 2019 [Fake or biased? Hyperpartisan online media in the Danish election campaign 2019]. In I. T. Guldbrandsen, & S. N. Just (Eds.), #FV19: Politisk kommunikation på digitale medier [#FV19: Political communication on digital media] (pp. 203–226). Samfundslitteratur. MayerhöfferE. SchwartzS. A. 2020 Fake eller partisk? Hyperpartiske onlinemedier i den danske valgkamp 2019 [Fake or biased? Hyperpartisan online media in the Danish election campaign 2019] In GuldbrandsenI. T. JustS. N. (Eds.), #FV19: Politisk kommunikation på digitale medier [#FV19: Political communication on digital media] 203 226 Samfundslitteratur Search in Google Scholar

Merten, L., Metoui, N., Makhortykh, M., Trilling, D., & Moeller, J. (2022). News won’t find me? Exploring inequalities in social media news use with tracking data. International Journal of Communication, 16, 1127–1147. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17068 MertenL. MetouiN. MakhortykhM. TrillingD. MoellerJ. 2022 News won’t find me? Exploring inequalities in social media news use with tracking data International Journal of Communication 16 1127 1147 https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/17068 Search in Google Scholar

Negt, O., & Kluge, A. (1993). Public sphere and experience: Toward an analysis of the bourgeois and proletarian public sphere. University of Minnesota Press. NegtO. KlugeA. 1993 Public sphere and experience: Toward an analysis of the bourgeois and proletarian public sphere University of Minnesota Press Search in Google Scholar

Rae, M. (2021). Hyperpartisan news: Rethinking the media for populist politics. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1117–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820910416 RaeM. 2021 Hyperpartisan news: Rethinking the media for populist politics New Media & Society 23 5 1117 1132 https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820910416 Search in Google Scholar

Rao, A., Morstatter, F., Hu, M., Chen, E., Burghardt, K., Ferrara, E., & Lerman, K. (2021). Political partisanship and anti-science attitudes in online discussions about Covid-19: Twitter content analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(6), e26692. https://doi.org/10.2196/26692 RaoA. MorstatterF. HuM. ChenE. BurghardtK. FerraraE. LermanK. 2021 Political partisanship and anti-science attitudes in online discussions about Covid-19: Twitter content analysis Journal of Medical Internet Research 23 6 e26692 https://doi.org/10.2196/26692 Search in Google Scholar

Sandberg, L., & Ihlebæk, K. A. (2019). Exploring the link between right-wing alternative media and social media during the Swedish 2018 election. Statsvetenskaplig Tidsskrift, 12, 421–440. https://journals.lub.lu.se/st/article/view/19816 SandbergL. IhlebækK. A. 2019 Exploring the link between right-wing alternative media and social media during the Swedish 2018 election Statsvetenskaplig Tidsskrift 12 421 440 https://journals.lub.lu.se/st/article/view/19816 Search in Google Scholar

Scharkow, M., Mangold, F., Stier, S., & Breuer, J. (2020). How social network sites and other online intermediaries increase exposure to news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(6), 2761–2763. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918279117 ScharkowM. MangoldF. StierS. BreuerJ. 2020 How social network sites and other online intermediaries increase exposure to news Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 6 2761 2763 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918279117 Search in Google Scholar

Schmidt, A. L., Zollo, F., Scala, A., Betsch, C., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2018). Polarization of the vaccination debate on Facebook. Vaccine, 36(25), 3606–3612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.040 SchmidtA. L. ZolloF. ScalaA. BetschC. QuattrociocchiW. 2018 Polarization of the vaccination debate on Facebook Vaccine 36 25 3606 3612 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.040 Search in Google Scholar

Schulze, H., Hohner, J., Greipl, S., Girgnhuber, M., Desta, I., & Rieger, D. (2022). Far-right conspiracy groups on fringe platforms: A longitudinal analysis of radicalization dynamics on Telegram. Convergence, 28(4), 1103–1126. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221104977 SchulzeH. HohnerJ. GreiplS. GirgnhuberM. DestaI. RiegerD. 2022 Far-right conspiracy groups on fringe platforms: A longitudinal analysis of radicalization dynamics on Telegram Convergence 28 4 1103 1126 https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221104977 Search in Google Scholar

Sessa, M. G., Willaert, T., & Van Soest, J. (2022). The disinformative ecosystem: Link sharing practices on Telegram as evidence of cross-platform amplification. EDMO BELUX. http://tinyurl.com/8ckr4e23 SessaM. G. WillaertT. Van SoestJ. 2022 The disinformative ecosystem: Link sharing practices on Telegram as evidence of cross-platform amplification EDMO BELUX http://tinyurl.com/8ckr4e23 Search in Google Scholar

Simon, M., Welbers, K., Kroon, A. C., & Trilling, D. (2022). Linked in the dark: A network approach to understanding information flows within the Dutch Telegramsphere. Information, Communication & Society, 26(15), 3054–3078. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2133549 SimonM. WelbersK. KroonA. C. TrillingD. 2022 Linked in the dark: A network approach to understanding information flows within the Dutch Telegramsphere Information, Communication & Society 26 15 3054 3078 https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2133549 Search in Google Scholar

Strömbäck, J. (2023). Political alternative media as a democratic challenge. Digital Journalism, 11(5), 880–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2178947 StrömbäckJ. 2023 Political alternative media as a democratic challenge Digital Journalism 11 5 880 887 https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2178947 Search in Google Scholar

Thorson, K., & Wells, C. (2016). Curated flows: A framework for mapping media exposure in the digital age. Communication Theory, 26(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12087 ThorsonK. WellsC. 2016 Curated flows: A framework for mapping media exposure in the digital age Communication Theory 26 3 309 328 https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12087 Search in Google Scholar

Toepfl, F., & Piwoni, E. (2015). Public spheres in interaction: Comment sections of news websites as counterpublic spaces. Journal of Communication, 65(3), 465–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12156 ToepflF. PiwoniE. 2015 Public spheres in interaction: Comment sections of news websites as counterpublic spaces Journal of Communication 65 3 465 488 https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12156 Search in Google Scholar

Warner, M. (2005). Publics and counterpublics. Zone Books. WarnerM. 2005 Publics and counterpublics Zone Books Search in Google Scholar

Zehring, M., & Domahidi, E. (2023). German corona protest mobilizers on Telegram and their relations to the far right: A network and topic analysis. Social Media + Society, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231155106 ZehringM. DomahidiE. 2023 German corona protest mobilizers on Telegram and their relations to the far right: A network and topic analysis Social Media + Society 9 1 https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231155106 Search in Google Scholar