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Investigation of the properties of cast asphalt concrete mixture with the addition of fiber from the fly ash of thermal power plants

Andrii Bieliatynskyi
Andrii Bieliatynskyi
, 
Shilin Yang
Shilin Yang
, 
Valerii Pershakov
Valerii Pershakov
, 
Meiyu Shao
Meiyu Shao
 et 
Mingyang Ta
Mingyang Ta
   | 20 avr. 2023
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Publié en ligne: 20 avr. 2023
Pages: 125 - 146
Reçu: 04 oct. 2022
Accepté: 03 janv. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2022-0042
Mots clés
© 2022 Andrii Bieliatynskyi et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Penetrometer “Lintel PN-10B”
Penetrometer “Lintel PN-10B”

Fig. 2

Apparatus Lintel KiSh-20m-4
Apparatus Lintel KiSh-20m-4

Fig. 3

Ductilometer DB-2M
Ductilometer DB-2M

Fig. 4

Apparatus for determining the brittleness temperature of petroleum bitumen ATX-20
Apparatus for determining the brittleness temperature of petroleum bitumen ATX-20

Fig. 5

Aluminum sulfate: sample A – first grade; sample B – top grade
Aluminum sulfate: sample A – first grade; sample B – top grade

Fig. 6

Test procedure for determining adsorption of methylene blue
Test procedure for determining adsorption of methylene blue

Fig. 7

Components in cast emulsion–mineral mixtures
Components in cast emulsion–mineral mixtures

Fig. 8

Determination of CEMM decay
Determination of CEMM decay

Fig. 9

Modified cohesive device: 1 - air cylinder; 2 -cylinder rod; 3 - rubber tip; 4 - a plate of roofing felt(s); 5 - pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the cylinder; 6 - air pressure regulator; 7 - torque wrench; 8 - regulator for lowering the cylinder rod
Modified cohesive device: 1 - air cylinder; 2 -cylinder rod; 3 - rubber tip; 4 - a plate of roofing felt(s); 5 - pressure gauge for measuring the pressure in the cylinder; 6 - air pressure regulator; 7 - torque wrench; 8 - regulator for lowering the cylinder rod

Fig. 10

Destruction of cast emulsion–mineral mixture specimens by type. N, normal; NS, normal spin; S, spin; SS, solid spin
Destruction of cast emulsion–mineral mixture specimens by type. N, normal; NS, normal spin; S, spin; SS, solid spin

Fig. 11

A - planetary mixer “Hobar C-100”; B - finished samples
A - planetary mixer “Hobar C-100”; B - finished samples

Fig. 12

Quantitative content of asphaltene depending on the bitumen brand
Quantitative content of asphaltene depending on the bitumen brand

Fig. 13

The content of paraffin in bitumen of different types
The content of paraffin in bitumen of different types

Fig. 14

Adhesion of different types of bitumen to the glass surface
Adhesion of different types of bitumen to the glass surface

Fig. 15

The plasticity interval of different types of bitumen
The plasticity interval of different types of bitumen

Fig. 16

Acid quantity in different types of bitumen
Acid quantity in different types of bitumen

Fig. 17

Equipment for determining the strength and deformation characteristics of asphalt concrete: A – DTS 06-50-50 press; B – a universal machine Instron 6637 (USA)
Equipment for determining the strength and deformation characteristics of asphalt concrete: A – DTS 06-50-50 press; B – a universal machine Instron 6637 (USA)

Fig. 18

Coefficient of temperature sensitivity depending on the amount of fiber in the mixture
Coefficient of temperature sensitivity depending on the amount of fiber in the mixture

Grain composition of mineral filler

Mix component name Content by weight, in %, of mineral grains smaller than a given size, mm
0.315 0.140 0.071
Mineral filler 90–100 75–100 67–100

Basic indicators of bitumen BND 90/130

No. Indicator name Norm of DSTU 4044 Actual value
1 Flash point, °C, not lower 230 265
2 Change in softening temperature after heating, °C, no more 5 5
3 Penetration index From +1 to −1 −0.8
4 Bonding bitumen to marble or sand Pass the test against the control sample Withstands the marble test

Calculated selection of the composition of the asphalt concrete mixture

No. Name of materials Mixture composition (bitumen >100%) The composition of the mixture (bitumen 100%)
1 Crushed granite fraction, 10–20 mm 29.98 28.34
2 Crushed granite fraction, 5–10 mm 13.73 12.98
3 Sand from crushing screenings 48.29 45.64
4 Nonactivated mineral powder MP-1 4.00 3.78
5 Fiber from the fly ash of thermal power plants made in China 4.00 11.14
6 Bitumen BND 90/130 11.80 –

Composition of crushed stone according to the requirements of DSTU B V.2.7-119

Indicators Sieve openings, mm
25 20 12.5 10 5 2.5
Private balances 0 0.76 54.04 6.4 36.6 1.9
Full balances 0 0.76 54.8 61.2 97.8 99.7
Full passes 0 99.24 45.2 38.8 2.2 0.7
DSTU requirements Up to 0.5 Up to 10 30–60 – 90–100 95–100

Basic properties of mineral powder

No. Indicator name Factual data
1 Grain composition, % sieve 1.25 mm 100
2 Grain composition, % sieve 0.315 mm 98.8
3 Grain composition, % sieve 74.3
4 Swelling by volume, % 2.40
5 Porosity by volume, % 29.9
6 Humidity, % 0.45
7 Specific gravity, g/cm3 2.83
8 Content of sesquioxides (Al+Fe), % 1.17
9 Water-soluble fraction, % 2.41
10 Active CaO + MgO, % 2.08
11 Loss on ignition, % 17
12 Total specific efficiency of natural radionuclides, Bq/kg 1,348

Physical and mechanical properties of bitumen

No. Bitumen brand Name and meaning of indicators
Ttimes, °C P25, 0.1 mm L25, cm Txp, °C IP, °C IR Paraffin contents, wt.% Glass adhesion
1 Nynas 100/150 43 107 >100 −15 58 −1.25 0.5 20
2 Nybit E85 47 80 >100 −11 58 −0.8 0.5 24
3 BND 60/90 49 72 84 −18 67 0.6 5.4 32
4 BND 60/90 with IKS 52 62 26 −16 68 −0.21 4.0 93

Data on the hardness of the original bitumen

Needle penetration depth, 0.1 mm Test method Norm for DSTU 4044 Actual value
At 25°C GOST 11501 91–130mm 108mm
At 0°C Not <28mm 33mm

Data on the elasticity of original bitumen

Extensibility of bitumen, cm Test method Standard according to DSTU 4044 Actual value
At 25°C GOST 11501 6.5 88
At 0°C 4.0 5.6

Determination of the road surface formation stages from cast emulsion–mineral mixtures

Strength characteristics Stages of forming road surfaces from cast emulsion-mineral mixtures
The nature of the destruction Torque value, kg*cm
“N” – Normal 12–13 Grasping
“NS” – Normal spin 20–21 Self-sealing (opening movement with a speed limit of up to 40 km/hr)
“S” – Spin 23 Sealing
“SS” – Solid spin 26 Hardening (opening movement without speed limit)†

Types of CEMM by grain size

Sieve diameter, mm Full pass through the sieve, % by weight, for mixtures of the type
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
15 100 100 100
10 100 100 80–94
5 100 91–100 71–90
2.5 90–100 65–90 45–70
1.25 67–91 46–71 29–51
0.63 41–66 31–51 20–35
0.315 24–41 17–29 12–24
0.14 14–28 9–20 7–18
0.071 10–20 5–15 5–15

Structural type according to the HCS criterion

No. Bitumen brand Group chemical composition, wt.% Ratio, *100% C-th type according to HCS
Manufacturer Production technology Asphaltenes (A) Resins (C) Oils (olives) (M) A/A+C A/C+M
1 Nynas 100/150 Nynas Distillation 12.1 29.5 58.4 29.1 13.8 2
2 Nybit E85 Nynas Distillation 15.9 38.1 46.0 29.4 19.8 2
3 BND 60/90 Ukrtatnafta Oxidation 25.3 24.7 50.0 50.6 33.9 3
4 BND 60/90 with ICR Ukrnafta Oxidation 22.0 36.0 42.0 37.9 28.2 3

Deformation of cast asphalt concrete during its compression at maximum load at low temperatures, obtained on Instron 6637 (USA)

Binder composition for asphalt concrete Displacement at maximum load, at temperatures, mm/mm
5°C 0°C 5°C
BND 90/130 0.750 0.734 0.728
Fly ash fiber 1.0 wt.% 1.022 0.812 0.789
2.0 wt.% 1.025 0.983 0.774
3.0 wt.% 0.712 0.914 0.766
4.0 wt.% 0.892 0.861 0.720

Physical and mechanical properties of sand

No. Name of indicators DSTU B V.2.7-30 requirements Actual indicator
1 Bulk density, kg/m3 – 1,510
2 True density, kg/m3 –
3 Content of dust and clay particles, % Not >10.0 1.46
4 Size module 3.0–3.5mm 3.34mm
5 Sand group – Increased size
6 Clay content in lumps, % Not >2.0 Does not have clay
7 Content of grains with size >10 mm, % Not >5 0
8 Content of grains with size >5 mm, % Not >15 0
9 Content of grains with size >0.63 mm, % 65–75 73.92
10 Content of grains with size >0.16 mm, % Not >10 5.27
11 Total specific effective activity of natural radionuclides, Bq/kg Not >370 296.6

Structural types of bitumen according to the HCS criterion and design criteria

No. Bitumen brand The structural type by criteria
HCS Plastic interval Penetration index Indicator V.A. Zolotareva (Ksta)
PI, °C C-type PI C-type Ksta C-type
1 Nynas 100/150 2 58 3 −1.25 2 0.07 2
2 Nybit E85 2 58 3 −0.8 3 0.07 2
3 BND 60/90 3 69 3 −0.7 3 0.083 3
4 BND 60/90 with IKS 3 67 3 −0.6 3 0.096 3

Grain size of sand

Sieve size, mm Actual results
Private balances, % Total balances, % Full passes, %
2.5 33.65 33.65 66.35
1.25 21.664 55.29 44.71
0.63 18.63 73.29 26.08
0.315 11.52 85.44 14.56
0.16 9.29 94.73 5.27
0.071 3.12 97.85 2.15
<0.071 2.15 100 0

Physical and mechanical properties of asphalt concrete

Binder composition, compressive strength Traditional composition Composition with the addition of fiber, %
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
At t=50°C, MPa 1.62 1.24 1.47 1.58 1.55
At t=20°C, MPa 3.31 2.74 3.02 3.07 2.74
At t=0°C, MPa 8.12 7.26 7.66 9.21 9.84
Coefficient of temperature sensitivity, R50/R0 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.16
Coefficient of temperature sensitivity, R50/R20 0.49 0.45 0.48 0.51 0.57
Water resistance after prolonged water saturation 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90

Basic properties of crushed stone of 5–20 mm fraction

No. The name of indicators DSTU B V.2.7-30 requirements Actual indicator
1 Crushed stone moisture, % Not normalized 0.15
2 Bulk density at natural humidity, t/m3 Not normalized 1.47
3 Content of flaky and needle-shaped grains, % From 15 to 25, III group 22.01
4 Content of dust and clay particles, % by weight Not >1 0.37
5 Clay content in lumps, % by weight Not >0.25 0
6 Crushed stone crushing (grade), % by weight To 12, including Grade 1400 3.9
7 Crushed stone abrasion grade, % To 25, including Grade I1 7.4 (I1)
8 Grain content of weak rocks, % by weight Not >5 2.4
9 Crushed stone frost resistance, cycles, weight loss in % 15, not >2 (F300) 1.7 (F300)
10 Specific effective activity of natural radionuclides, Bq/kg Not >370 15.8
11 Stability of the structure against decay (loss of mass), % 0.65–0.9

Fly ash fiber characteristics

Name of indicators Physical and mechanical properties
Fly ash fiber
Average fiber diameter, μm 160.0
The amount of nonfibrous additives, % 2–3
Density, g/cm3 2.65
Temperature range of use, °C −269 to +700
Water resistance, % 99.6
Chemical resistance, % 93.4
0.5H NaOH 77.3
2H NaOH 98.5
2H H2SO4 to 1.0
Hygroscopicity, % 4,100
Mechanical strength, MPa 120
Elastic modulus, MPa 3.1

Requirements for cohesive strength set speed of cast emulsion–mineral mixtures

Time necessary to achieve required cohesive strength, hr Durability properties Stages of formation of cast emulsion-mineral mixtures
Nature of destruction Torque value, kg*cm Ultimate shear strength, mPa, not more
Not more than 0.5 “N” – Normal 12–13 0.26 Grasping
Not more than 1.0 “NS” – Normal Spin 20–21 0.42 Self-sealing (the opening of traffic with a speed limit of 40 km/hr)
- “S” – Spin 23 0.48 Sealing
Not more than 4.0 “SS” – Solid Spin 26 0.55 †Hardening (the opening of traffic without speed limits)
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