The qualitative–quantitative approach to microstructural characterization of nanostructured bainitic steels using electron microscopy methods

[1] Caballero FG, Bhadeshia HKDH, Mawella KJA, Jones DG, Brown P. Design of novel high strength bainitic steels: part 1. Mater Sci Technol. 2001;17:512–6. https://doi.org/10.1179/026708301101510348. CaballeroFG BhadeshiaHKDH MawellaKJA JonesDG BrownP Design of novel high strength bainitic steels: part 1 Mater Sci Technol. 2001 17 512 6 https://doi.org/10.1179/026708301101510348. 10.1179/026708301101510348 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Caballero FG, Bhadeshia HKDH, Mawella KJA, Jones DG, Brown P. Design of novel high strength bainitic steels: part 2. Mater Sci Technol. 2001;17:517–22. https://doi.org/10.1179/026708301101510357. CaballeroFG BhadeshiaHKDH MawellaKJA JonesDG BrownP Design of novel high strength bainitic steels: part 2 Mater Sci Technol. 2001 17 517 22 https://doi.org/10.1179/026708301101510357. 10.1179/026708301101510357 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Caballero FG, Bhadeshia HKDH, Mawella KJA, Jones DG, Brown P. Very strong low temperature bainite. Mater Sci Technol. 2002;18:279–84. CaballeroFG BhadeshiaHKDH MawellaKJA JonesDG BrownP Very strong low temperature bainite Mater Sci Technol 2002 18 279 84 10.1179/026708301225000725 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Caballero FG, Bhadeshia HKDH. Very strong bainite. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci. 2004;8:251–7. CaballeroFG BhadeshiaHKDH Very strong bainite Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 2004 8 251 7 10.1016/j.cossms.2004.09.005 Search in Google Scholar

[5] Garcia-Mateo C, Caballero FG. Ultra-high-strength Bainitic Steels. ISIJ Int. 2005;45:1736–40. Garcia-MateoC CaballeroFG Ultra-high-strength Bainitic Steels ISIJ Int 2005 45 1736 40 10.2355/isijinternational.45.1736 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Garcia-Mateo C, Caballero FG. Design of carbide-free low-temperature ultra high strength bainitic steels. Int J Mater Res. 2007;98:137–43. Garcia-MateoC CaballeroFG Design of carbide-free low-temperature ultra high strength bainitic steels Int J Mater Res 2007 98 137 43 10.3139/146.101440 Search in Google Scholar

[7] Bhadeshia HKDH. Nanostructured bainite. Proc R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2010;466:3–18. BhadeshiaHKDH Nanostructured bainite Proc R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 2010 466 3 18 10.1201/9781315096674-14 Search in Google Scholar

[8] Dong B, Hou T, Zhou W, Zhang G, Wu K. The role of retained austenite and its carbon concentration on elongation of low temperature bainitic steels at different austenitising temperature. Metals (Basel). 2018;8:931. DongB HouT ZhouW ZhangG WuK The role of retained austenite and its carbon concentration on elongation of low temperature bainitic steels at different austenitising temperature Metals (Basel) 2018 8 931 10.3390/met8110931 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Li X, Ma X, Subramanian SV, Shang C, Misra RDK. Influence of prior austenite grain size on martensite–austenite constituent and toughness in the heat affected zone of 700MPa high strength linepipe steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2014;616:141–7. LiX MaX SubramanianSV ShangC MisraRDK Influence of prior austenite grain size on martensite–austenite constituent and toughness in the heat affected zone of 700MPa high strength linepipe steel Mater Sci Eng A 2014 616 141 7 10.1016/j.msea.2014.07.100 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Jiang T, Liu H, Sun J, Guo S, Liu Y. Effect of austenite grain size on transformation of nanobainite and its mechanical properties. Mater Sci Eng A. 2016;666:207–13. JiangT LiuH SunJ GuoS LiuY Effect of austenite grain size on transformation of nanobainite and its mechanical properties Mater Sci Eng A 2016 666 207 13 10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.041 Search in Google Scholar

[11] Królicka A, Radwański K, Ambroziak A, Żak A. Analysis of grain growth and morphology of bainite in medium-carbon spring steel. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019;768:138446. KrólickaA RadwańskiK AmbroziakA ŻakA Analysis of grain growth and morphology of bainite in medium-carbon spring steel Mater Sci Eng A 2019 768 138446 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138446 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Lan HF, Du LX, Li Q, Qiu CL, Li JP, Misra RDK. Improvement of strength-toughness combination in austempered low carbon bainitic steel: the key role of refining prior austenite grain size. J Alloys Compd. 2017;710:702–10. LanHF DuLX LiQ QiuCL LiJP MisraRDK Improvement of strength-toughness combination in austempered low carbon bainitic steel: the key role of refining prior austenite grain size J Alloys Compd 2017 710 702 10 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.03.024 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Yamamoto S, Yokoyama H, Yamada K, Niikura M. Effects of the austenite grain size and deformation in the unrecrystallized austenite region on bainite transformation behavior and microstructure. ISIJ Int. 1995;35:1020–6. YamamotoS YokoyamaH YamadaK NiikuraM Effects of the austenite grain size and deformation in the unrecrystallized austenite region on bainite transformation behavior and microstructure ISIJ Int 1995 35 1020 6 10.2355/isijinternational.35.1020 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Lee S-J, Park J-S, Lee Y-K. Effect of austenite grain size on the transformation kinetics of upper and lower bainite in a low-alloy steel. Scr Mater. 2008;59:87–90. LeeS-J ParkJ-S LeeY-K Effect of austenite grain size on the transformation kinetics of upper and lower bainite in a low-alloy steel Scr Mater 2008 59 87 90 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.02.036 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Rees GI, Bhadeshia HKDH. Bainite transformation kinetics Part 1 modified model. Mater Sci Technol. 1992;8:985–93. ReesGI BhadeshiaHKDH Bainite transformation kinetics Part 1 modified model Mater Sci Technol 1992 8 985 93 10.1179/mst.1992.8.11.985 Search in Google Scholar

[16] Xu G, Liu F, Wang L, Hu H. A new approach to quantitative analysis of bainitic transformation in a superbainite steel. Scr Mater. 2013;68:833–6. XuG LiuF WangL HuH A new approach to quantitative analysis of bainitic transformation in a superbainite steel Scr Mater 2013 68 833 6 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.01.033 Search in Google Scholar

[17] Matsuzaki A, Bhadeshia HKDH. Effect of austenite grain size and bainite morphology on overall kinetics of bainite transformation in steels. Mater Sci Technol. 1999;15:518–22. MatsuzakiA BhadeshiaHKDH Effect of austenite grain size and bainite morphology on overall kinetics of bainite transformation in steels Mater Sci Technol 1999 15 518 22 10.1179/026708399101506210 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Kang S, Yoon S, Lee S-J. Prediction of bainite start temperature in alloy steels with different grain sizes. ISIJ Int. 2014;54:997–9. KangS YoonS LeeS-J Prediction of bainite start temperature in alloy steels with different grain sizes ISIJ Int 2014 54 997 9 10.2355/isijinternational.54.997 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Whang SH. Nanostructured metals and alloys Processing, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Applications, Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering. Elsevier; 2011, Cambridge. WhangSH Nanostructured metals and alloys Processing, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Applications Woodhead Publishing Series in Metals and Surface Engineering. Elsevier 2011 Cambridge Search in Google Scholar

[20] Chen Z, Gu J, Han L. Decomposition characteristic of austenite retained in GCr15 bearing steel modified by addition of 1.3 wt.% silicon during tempering. J Mater Res Technol. 2019;8:157–66. ChenZ GuJ HanL Decomposition characteristic of austenite retained in GCr15 bearing steel modified by addition of 1.3 wt.% silicon during tempering J Mater Res Technol 2019 8 157 66 10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.08.012 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Kozeschnik E, Bhadeshia HKDH. Influence of silicon on cementite precipitation in steels. Mater Sci Technol. 2008;24:343–7. KozeschnikE BhadeshiaHKDH Influence of silicon on cementite precipitation in steels Mater Sci Technol 2008 24 343 7 10.1179/174328408X275973 Search in Google Scholar

[22] Baran D, Królicka A. Evaluation of the possibility to obtain nanostructured bainite in high-carbon and high-silicon 9XC bearing steel. J Mater Eng Perform. 2020;29:5329–36. BaranD KrólickaA Evaluation of the possibility to obtain nanostructured bainite in high-carbon and high-silicon 9XC bearing steel J Mater Eng Perform 2020 29 5329 36 10.1007/s11665-020-05038-8 Search in Google Scholar

[23] Zhu K, Shi H, Chen H, Jung C. Effect of Al on martensite tempering: comparison with Si. J Mater Sci. 2018;53:6951–67. ZhuK ShiH ChenH JungC Effect of Al on martensite tempering: comparison with Si J Mater Sci 2018 53 6951 67 10.1007/s10853-018-2037-6 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Miyamoto G, Oh J, Hono K, Furuhara T, Maki T. Effect of partitioning of Mn and Si on the growth kinetics of cementite in tempered Fe–0.6 mass% C martensite. Acta Mater. 2007;55:5027–38. MiyamotoG OhJ HonoK FuruharaT MakiT Effect of partitioning of Mn and Si on the growth kinetics of cementite in tempered Fe–0.6 mass% C martensite Acta Mater 2007 55 5027 38 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.05.023 Search in Google Scholar

[25] Beladi H, Rohrer GS, Rollett AD, Tari V, Hodgson PD. The distribution of intervariant crystallographic planes in a lath martensite using five macroscopic parameters. Acta Mater. 2014;63:86–98. BeladiH RohrerGS RollettAD TariV HodgsonPD The distribution of intervariant crystallographic planes in a lath martensite using five macroscopic parameters Acta Mater 2014 63 86 98 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.10.010 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Beladi H, Adachi Y, Timokhina I, Hodgson PD. Crystallographic analysis of nanobainitic steels. Scr Mater. 2009;60:455–8. BeladiH AdachiY TimokhinaI HodgsonPD Crystallographic analysis of nanobainitic steels Scr Mater 2009 60 455 8 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.11.030 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Gourgues AF, Flower HM, Lindley TC. Electron backscattering diffraction study of acicular ferrite, bainite, and martensite steel microstructures. Mater Sci Technol. 2000;16:26–40. GourguesAF FlowerHM LindleyTC Electron backscattering diffraction study of acicular ferrite, bainite, and martensite steel microstructures Mater Sci Technol 2000 16 26 40 10.1179/026708300773002636 Search in Google Scholar

[28] Królicka A, Radwański K, Janik A, Kustroń P, Ambroziak A. Metallurgical characterization of welded joint of nanostructured bainite: regeneration technique versus post welding heat treatment. Materials (Basel). 2020;13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214841. KrólickaA RadwańskiK JanikA KustrońP AmbroziakA Metallurgical characterization of welded joint of nanostructured bainite: regeneration technique versus post welding heat treatment Materials (Basel) 2020 13 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214841. 10.3390/ma13214841766329233138209 Search in Google Scholar

[29] Radwański K. Structural characterization of low-carbon multiphase steels merging advanced research methods with light optical microscopy. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2016;16:282–93. RadwańskiK Structural characterization of low-carbon multiphase steels merging advanced research methods with light optical microscopy Arch Civ Mech Eng 2016 16 282 93 10.1016/j.acme.2015.12.001 Search in Google Scholar

[30] Suikkanen PP, Cayron C, DeArdo AJ, Karjalainen LP. Crystallographic analysis of isothermally transformed bainite in 0.2C-2.0Mn-1.5Si-0.6Cr steel using EBSD. J Mater Sci Technol. 2013;29:359–66. SuikkanenPP CayronC DeArdoAJ KarjalainenLP Crystallographic analysis of isothermally transformed bainite in 0.2C-2.0Mn-1.5Si-0.6Cr steel using EBSD J Mater Sci Technol 2013 29 359 66 10.1016/j.jmst.2013.01.015 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Chang LC, Bhadeshia HKDH. Austenite films in bainitic microstructures. Mater Sci Technol. 1995;11:874–82. ChangLC BhadeshiaHKDH Austenite films in bainitic microstructures Mater Sci Technol 1995 11 874 82 10.1179/mst.1995.11.9.874 Search in Google Scholar

[32] Garcia-Mateo C, Jimenez JA, Lopez-Ezquerra B, Rementeria R, Morales-Rivas L, Kuntz M, et al. Analyzing the scale of the bainitic ferrite plates by XRD, SEM and TEM. Mater Charact. 2016;122:83–9. Garcia-MateoC JimenezJA Lopez-EzquerraB RementeriaR Morales-RivasL KuntzM Analyzing the scale of the bainitic ferrite plates by XRD, SEM and TEM Mater Charact 2016 122 83 9 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.10.023 Search in Google Scholar

[33] Timokhina IB, Beladi H, Xiong XY, Adachi Y, Hodgson PD. Nanoscale microstructural characterization of a nanobainitic steel. Acta Mater. 2011;59:5511–22. TimokhinaIB BeladiH XiongXY AdachiY HodgsonPD Nanoscale microstructural characterization of a nanobainitic steel Acta Mater 2011 59 5511 22 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.05.024 Search in Google Scholar

[34] Chen Z, Gu J, Han L. Bainite transformation characteristics of high-si hypereutectoid bearing steel. Metallogr Microstruct Anal. 2018;7:3–10. ChenZ GuJ HanL Bainite transformation characteristics of high-si hypereutectoid bearing steel Metallogr Microstruct Anal 2018 7 3 10 10.1007/s13632-017-0410-5 Search in Google Scholar

[35] Beladi H, Tari V, Timokhina IB, Cizek P, Rohrer GS, Rollett AD, et al. On the crystallographic characteristics of nanobainitic steel. Acta Mater. 2017;127:426–37. BeladiH TariV TimokhinaIB CizekP RohrerGS RollettAD On the crystallographic characteristics of nanobainitic steel Acta Mater 2017 127 426 37 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.01.058 Search in Google Scholar

[36] Kumar A, Makineni SK, Dutta A, Goulas C, Steenbergen M, Petrov RH, et al. A design of high-strength and damage-resistant carbide-free fine bainitic steels for railway crossing applications. Mater Sci Eng A. 2019;759:210–23. KumarA MakineniSK DuttaA GoulasC SteenbergenM PetrovRH A design of high-strength and damage-resistant carbide-free fine bainitic steels for railway crossing applications Mater Sci Eng A 2019 759 210 23 10.1016/j.msea.2019.05.043 Search in Google Scholar

[37] Bhadeshia HKDH, Edmonds DV. Bainite in silicon steels: new composition–property approach Part 1. Met Sci. 1983;17:411–9. BhadeshiaHKDH EdmondsDV Bainite in silicon steels: new composition–property approach Part 1 Met Sci 1983 17 411 9 10.1179/030634583790420600 Search in Google Scholar

[38] Kitahara H, Ueji R, Ueda M, Tsuji N, Minamino Y. Crystallographic analysis of plate martensite in Fe-28.5 at.% Ni by FE-SEM/EBSD. Mater Charact. 2005;54:378–86. KitaharaH UejiR UedaM TsujiN MinaminoY Crystallographic analysis of plate martensite in Fe-28.5 at.% Ni by FE-SEM/EBSD Mater Charact 2005 54 378 86 10.1016/j.matchar.2004.12.015 Search in Google Scholar

[39] Garcia-Mateo C, Caballero FG, Bhadeshia HKDH. Superbainite. A novel very strong bainitic microstructure. Rev Metal. 2005;41:186–93. Garcia-MateoC CaballeroFG BhadeshiaHKDH Superbainite. A novel very strong bainitic microstructure Rev Metal 2005 41 186 93 10.3989/revmetalm.2005.v41.i3.204 Search in Google Scholar

[40] Bhadeshia HKDH. Case study: design of bainitic steels. Mater Sci. n.d.;1–6. https://www.phasetrans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2000/C9/C9-8.pdf. BhadeshiaHKDH Case study: design of bainitic steels Mater Sci. n.d.; 1 6 https://www.phasetrans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2000/C9/C9-8.pdf. Search in Google Scholar