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The evolution of mobile cybersecurity regulations in the European Union

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30 mars 2025
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Figure 1

Topic 1: Strategic & Policy-Level Cyber Governance.
Topic 1: Strategic & Policy-Level Cyber Governance.

Figure 2

Topic 2: Cybersecurity Law & Regulation (EU).
Topic 2: Cybersecurity Law & Regulation (EU).

Figure 3

Topic 3: Skills & Technical Capacity Building.
Topic 3: Skills & Technical Capacity Building.

Figure 4

Cumulative number of GDPR fines over time.
Cumulative number of GDPR fines over time.

Figure 5

Sum of GDPR fines by sectors.
Sum of GDPR fines by sectors.

Scope extensions of NIS Directive to NIS 2

NIS 1 NIS 2
Drinking water supply and distribution Water – drinking water, waste water
Energy Energy – electricity, district heating and cooling, oil, gas, hydrogen
Digital infrastructure Digital infrastructure
Banking Banking
Financial market infrastructures Financial market infrastructures
Health Health
Transport Transport – air, rail, water, road
ICT service management (B2B)
Public administration
Space
Postal and courier services
Waste management
Manufacture, production and distribution of chemicals
Production, processing and distribution of food
Manufacturing – medical devices, computer electronic or optical products, machinery, vehicles
Digital providers
Research