Effects of a β-glucan-enriched diet on biomarkers of oxidative stress, energy metabolism and lysosomal function in muscle tissue of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.)

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Regression analysis of biochemical data in the muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30 and 45 days of feeding)

Biomarker	Regression analysis data type	β ± standard error
Thiobarbituric acid reactive species	β-glucans	–0.275 ± 0.108
	Duration	0.430 ± 0.108
Oxidatively modified protein (aldehyde dinitrophenyl hydrazone, neutral)	β-glucans	–0.349 ± 0.086
	Duration	0.640 ± 0.086
Oxidatively modified protein (ketone dinitrophenyl hydrazone, neutral)	β-glucans	–0.358 ± 0.066
	Duration	0.538 ± 0.094
Oxidatively modified protein (aldehyde dinitrophenyl hydrazone, alkaline)	β-glucans	–0.285 ± 0.078
	Duration	0.430 ± 0.088
Oxidatively modified protein (ketone dinitrophenyl hydrazone, alkaline)	β-glucans	–0.375 ± 0.086
	Duration	0.458 ± 0.099
Superoxide dismutase	β-glucans	–0.544 ± 0.105
Glutathione reductase	Duration	–0.382 ± 0.116
Glutathione peroxidase	β-glucans	0.228 ± 0.089
	Duration	0.664 ± 0.089
Total antioxidant status	Duration	0.262 ± 0.121
Alanine aminotransferase	Duration	–0.805 ± 0.072
Aspartate aminotransferase	Duration	–0.850 ± 0.064
Lactate dehydrogenase	β-glucans	0.243 ± 0.083
	Duration	–0.705 ± 0.083
Succinate dehydrogenase	Duration	–0.537 ± 0.105
Lactate	β-glucans	0.358 ± 0.103
	Duration	–0.446 ± 0.103
Pyruvate	β-glucans	0.312 ± 0.091
	Duration	–0.615 ± 0.091

Lysosomal enzyme activity in muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30 and 45 days of feeding)

Enzyme	Group	Enzyme activity (nmol min−1 mg−1 protein)
		15 days’ feeding	30 days’ feeding	45 days’ feeding
Acid phosphatase	Control	125.11 ± 10.72	141.49 ± 14.03	138.27 ± 16.46
	β-glucans	162.93 ± 23.96*	188.52 ± 18.15*	170.60 ± 11.53*
β-N-acetylglucosaminidase	Control	78.61 ± 2.91	119.58 ± 16.30	127.18 ± 8.56
	β-glucans	99.34 ± 6.95*	231.16 ± 24.46*	147.71 ± 9.08
Alanyl aminopeptidase	Control	108.21 ± 9.49	109.05 ± 7.44	96.60 ± 6.90
	β-glucans	62.29 ± 11.11*	63.81 ± 5.28*	108.21 ± 9.64
Leucyl aminopeptidase	Control	123.14 ± 14.41	113.39 ± 23.50	113.87 ± 14.02
	β-glucans	95.61 ± 26.52	106.79 ± 23.32	81.67 ± 18.29

Metabolic enzyme activity and metabolite levels in muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30 and 45 days of feeding)

Enzyme	Group	Enzyme activity (U mg−1 protein (enzymes)/nmol mg−1 protein (metabolites))
		15 days’ feeding	30 days’ feeding	45 days’ feeding
Alanine aminotransferase	Control	24.62 ± 3.72	11.49 ± 2.03	12.37 ± 0.86
	β-glucans	32.93 ± 3.96	12.52 ± 2.15	10.60 ± 1.53
Aspartate aminotransferase	Control	30.61 ± 2.91	19.58 ± 1.30	17.18 ± 1.56
	β-glucans	33.34 ± 5.95	21.13 ± 2.46	17.71 ± 1.08
Lactate dehydrogenase	Control	88.22 ± 6.49	59.05 ± 3.44	56.60 ± 6.90
	β-glucans	122.29 ± 11.11*	63.90 ± 8.28	58.21 ± 5.64
Succinate dehydrogenase	Control	4.26 ± 0.33	2.19 ± 0.22	1.18 ± 1.10
	β-glucans	3.73 ± 0.47*	1.23 ± 0.89	0.98 ± 0.73
Lactate	Control	103.14 ± 18.48	43.39 ± 13.50	93.87 ± 24.00
	β-glucans	175.61 ± 16.52*	86.79 ± 13.31*	80.67 ± 20.29
Pyruvate	Control	54.87 ± 10.21	35.15 ± 4.41	35.56 ± 3.79
	β-glucans	94.79 ± 15.18*	35.10 ± 4.98	41.11 ± 6.50

Antioxidant enzyme activity in muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30, and 45 days of feeding)

Enzyme	Group	Enzyme activity (U mg−1 protein/μmol min−1 protein (catalase only))
		15 days’ feeding	30 days’ feeding	45 days’ feeding
Superoxide dismutase	Control	693.32 ± 91.65	932.99 ± 36.67	603.92 ± 95.22
	β-glucans	315.19 ± 86.72*	774.24 ± 50.62*	319.85 ± 74.35*
Catalase	Control	2.67 ± 0.27	4.54 ± 0.48	3.85 ± 1.01
	β-glucans	4.82 ± 1.10*	2.64 ± 0.83*	1.80 ± 0.34*
Glutathione reductase	Control	45.47 ± 2.59	25.40 ± 5.69	25.60 ± 3.83
	β-glucans	39.53 ± 4.14	25.18 ± 3.44	31.69 ± 2.08
Glutathione peroxidase	Control	101.32 ± 13.25	148.69 ± 28.65	274.59 ± 19.76
	β-glucans	111.36 ± 12.47	294.00 ± 29.09*	251.41 ± 15.79