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Analysis of the season-dependent component in the evaluation of morphological and biochemical blood parameters in Shetland ponies of both sexes during exercise

Halina Tkaczenko
Halina Tkaczenko
, 
Oleksandr Lukash
Oleksandr Lukash
 et 
Natalia Kurhaluk
Natalia Kurhaluk
   | 23 mars 2024
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Publié en ligne: 23 mars 2024
Pages: 155 - 166
Reçu: 28 sept. 2023
Accepté: 13 mars 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2024-0017
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© 2024 Halina Tkaczenko et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1.

Activities of aminotransferases in the blood of Shetland pony mares and stallions before and after exercise in different photoperiods. A – activity of alanine aminotransferase; B – activity of aspartate aminotransferase # – statistically significant difference between the parameter before and the parameter after exercise (P-value < 0.05); ** – statistically significant difference between different seasons (P-value < 0.05). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation
Activities of aminotransferases in the blood of Shetland pony mares and stallions before and after exercise in different photoperiods. A – activity of alanine aminotransferase; B – activity of aspartate aminotransferase # – statistically significant difference between the parameter before and the parameter after exercise (P-value < 0.05); ** – statistically significant difference between different seasons (P-value < 0.05). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation

Fig. 2.

Lactate and pyruvate dynamics in the blood of Shetland pony mares and stallions before and after exercise depending on the photoperiod. A – lactate; B – pyruvate; C – lactate-to-pyruvate ratio # – statistically significant difference between the parameter before and the parameter after exercise (P-value < 0.05); ** – statistically significant difference between different seasons (P-value < 0.05). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation
Lactate and pyruvate dynamics in the blood of Shetland pony mares and stallions before and after exercise depending on the photoperiod. A – lactate; B – pyruvate; C – lactate-to-pyruvate ratio # – statistically significant difference between the parameter before and the parameter after exercise (P-value < 0.05); ** – statistically significant difference between different seasons (P-value < 0.05). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation

Blood morphological parameters in Shetland pony mares (M) and stallions (S) before and after exercise in winter

Parameters Sex Before exercise After exercise Sex Before exercise After exercise
RBC, 1012/L M 8.55 ± 1.40 9.10 ± 1.12 S 7.59 ± 1.53 7.37 ± 1.38
HGB, g/dL M 15.08 ± 2.71 16.52 ± 1.66 S 12.25 ± 2.89 16.08 ± 3.29
HCT, % M 42.50 ± 5.14 45.74 ± 1.11 S 34.15 ± 7.85 32.20 ± 5.42
MCV, fL M 45.59 ± 2.48 46.31 ± 2.66 S 43.58 ± 3.73 44.01 ± 3.45
MCH, pg M 17.86 ± 3.08 18.29 ± 1.89 S 16.13 ± 2.09 18.08 ± 5.22
MCHC, g/dL M 35.37 ± 3.53 36.10 ± 3.32 S 35.86 ± 1.24 38.40 ± 1.10
RDW, % M 17.18 ± 2.86 21.30 ± 0.68 S 18.07 ± 3.03 19.93 ± 1.10
PLT, ·109/L M 303.81 ± 63.11 278.54 ± 26.08 S 241.80 ± 55.29 262.30 ± 61.32
MPV, fL M 11.03 ± 0.40 11.33 ± 0.45 S 10.95 ± 0.89 10.48 ± 1.03
PDW, % M 36.23 ± 0.88 37.59 ± 0.82 S 33.42 ± 2.59 32.35 ± 4.73
WBC, 109/L M 7.00 ± 1.26 8.46 ± 2.94 S 6.90 ± 1.68 8.01 ± 1.65
LYM, 109/L M 1.76 ± 0.32 2.34 ± 0.91 S 2.05 ± 0.57 2.44 ± 0.93
MID, 109/L M 0.13 ± 0.08 0.28 ± 0.14 S 0.16 ± 0.09 0.24 ± 0.16
GRA, 109/L M 4.96 ± 1.28 4.83 ± 0.97 S 4.84 ± 1.39 5.23 ± 1.74
LY% M 24.50 ± 5.12 29.87 ± 7.74 S 27.67 ± 6.90 31.38 ± 10.66
MI% M 2.08 ± 1.37 3.71 ± 1.93 S 2.47 ± 1.66 3.01 ± 1.83
GR% M 73.40 ± 5.75 67.27 ± 9.39 S 69.84 ± 7.42 66.49 ± 10.79

Standardised β-coefficients of the levels of haematological and biochemical parameters in Shetland ponies in relation to photoperiod, sex and exercise as factors bearing influence, as well as t-values with their significance (P-value). Parameterisation with σ-constants

Parameter Factor β-coefficient ± standard error of the mean t P-value
RBC, 1012/L Sex −0.408 ± 0.096 −4.254 0.000
RBC, 1012/L Exercise 0.406 ± 0.191 2.116 0.035
HCT, % Sex −0.947 ± 0.029 −9.196 0.000
MCV, fL Sex −0.811 ± 0.260 −3.116 0.002
RDW, % Seasons 0.596 ± 0.146 4.064 0.000
RDW, % Exercise 0.433 ± 0.327 4.370 0.000
MPV, fL Sex −0.276 ± 0.054 5.094 0.000
WBC, 109/L Exercise 0.865 ± 0.313 2.763 0.006
GRA, 109/L Seasons −0.276 ± 0.100 −2.746 0.006
GRA, 109/L Exercise 0.519 ± 0.225 2.306 0.022
ALT, U·L−1 Seasons −0.538 ± 0.089 −6.007 0.000
ALT, U·L−1 Exercise −0.378 ± 0.200 −6.883 0.000
AST, U·L−1 Exercise −0.568 ± 0.09 −8.725 0.000
Lactic acid, mmoL·L−1 Exercise 0.264 ± 0.070 3.734 0.000
Lactate-to-pyruvate ratio Exercise 0.580 ± 0.153 3.774 0.000

Blood morphological parameters in Shetland pony mares (M) and stallions (S) before and after exercise in autumn

Parameters Sex Before exercise After exercise Sex Before exercise After exercise
RBC,·1012/L M 8.27 ± 0.83 8.93 ± 0.60 S 7.46 ± 1.36 7.75 ± 1.55
HGB, g/dL M 15.18 ± 2.02 16.64 ± 2.59 S 12.04 ± 2.97 12.69 ± 3.47
HCT, % M 43.22 ± 5.93 45.21 ± 5.09 S 33.59 ± 6.89 37.75 ± 7.90
MCV, fL M 47.09 ± 3.13 44.91 ± 2.30 S 43.73 ± 3.12 47.25 ± 3.11
MCH, pg M 18.45 ± 2.52 18.70 ± 3.08 S 16.03 ± 1.38 16.26 ± 1.97
MCHC, g/dL M 35.21 ± 1.93 36.82 ± 4.32 S 35.68 ± 2.50 33.28 ± 2.19
RDW, % M 19.88 ± 0.68 20.83 ± 0.69 S 19.96 ± 0.69 20.08 ± 1.24
PLT, 109/L M 277.63 ± 83.59 321.72 ± 61.29 S 276.20 ± 61.49 289.80 ± 82.93
MPV, fL M 11.19 ± 0.31 11.44 ± 0.46 S 10.34 ± 0.58 10.72 ± 0.82
PDW, % M 37.03 ± 0.68 36.96 ± 0.92 S 33.49 ± 2.34 34.28 ± 3.05
WBC, 109/L M 7.56 ± 1.34 8.66 ± 2.40 S 8.57 ± 3.10 7.06 ± 1.31
LYM, 109/L M 2.34 ± 0.90 2.82 ± 1.25 S 2.22 ± 0.41 2.27 ± 0.71
MID, 109/L M 0.30 ± 0.13 0.37 ± 0.37 S 0.31 ± 0.17 0.18 ± 0.13
GRA, 109/L M 4.84 ± 0.96 5.75 ± 1.24 S 5.49 ± 1.95 4.64 ± 0.98
LY% M 30.92 ± 7.76 26.73 ± 10.84 S 27.41 ± 6.74 30.26 ± 8.36
MI% M 4.01 ± 1.63 3.79 ± 2.43 S 4.14 ± 2.48 2.58 ± 1. 79
GR% M 62.30 ± 8.99 70.37 ± 10.60 S 69.60 ± 8.55 67.16 ± 8.03

Test of total sum-of-squares model vs sum-of-squares residual model of the levels of haematological and biochemical parameters in Shetland ponies as well as t-values with their significance (P-value). The models account for the influence of photoperiod, sex and exercise factors

Parameter R R2 Adj R2 F P-value
RBC, 1012/L 0.449 0.201 0.123 2.559 0.002
HCT, % 0.653 0.427 0.370 7.561 0.000
RDW, % 0.632 0.400 0.340 6.756 0.000
MPV, fL 0.487 0.237 0.162 6.856 0.000
PDW, % 0.635 0.403 0.344 6.856 0.000
GRA, 109/L 0.415 0.172 0.090 2.113 0.012
ALT, U·L−1 0.915 0.838 0.822 52.685 0.000
AST, U·L−1 0.651 0.424 0.368 7.488 0.000
LDH, U·L−1 0.592 0.350 0.286 5.477 0.000
Lactate-to-pyruvate ratio 0.420 0.176 0.095 2.173 0.009

Blood morphological parameters in Shetland pony mares (M) and stallions (S) before and after exercise in spring

Parameters Sex Before exercise After exercise Sex Before exercise After exercise
RBC,·1012/L M 8.88 ± 1.58 9.12 ± 1.23 S 8.10 ± 0.73 7.93 ± 1.02
HGB, g/dL M 15.37 ± 2.84 16.19 ± 1.98 S 13.74 ± 1.54 12.55 ± 1.78
HCT, % M 42.56 ± 6.26 45.96 ± 2.37 S 38.11 ± 4.24 35.27 ± 4.84
MCV, fL M 46.03 ± 6.83 47.83 ± 2.42 S 45.89 ± 3.43 44.45 ± 2.09
MCH, pg M 17.48 ± 2.79 17.87 ± 2.01 S 17.01 ± 2.04 15.82 ± 0.77
MCHC, g/dL M 36.14 ± 4.40 35.10 ± 2.60 S 36.17 ± 3.19 35.56 ± 0.59
RDW, % M 17.73 ± 1.61 17.13 ± 2.70 S 18.02 ± 1.41 17.21 ± 3.25
PLT, ·109/L M 295.36 ± 65.90 285.45 ± 42.69 S 293.58 ± 43.66 306.70 ± 68.19
MPV, fL M 11.27 ± 0.21 11.45 ± 0.44 S 10.63 ± 0.75 11.31 ± 1.35
PDW, % M 37.26 ± 0.64 37.60 ± 0.78 S 34.51 ± 4.37 34.29 ± 3.07
WBC,·109/L M 7.65 ± 2.00 9.89 ± 3.24 S 8.02 ± 1.42 8.57 ± 1.82
LYM,·109/L M 2.30 ± 0.74 2.23 ± 0.65 S 2.31 ± 0.87 2.03 ± 0.37
MID,·109/L M 0.23 ± 0.13 0.21 ± 0.20 S 0.31 ± 0.22 0.25 ± 0.15
GRA,·109/L M 4.95 ± 1.94 7.03 ± 1.87 S 5.63 ± 1.10 6.17 ± 1.33
LY% M 32.00 ± 9.41 22.81 ± 5.74 S 26.52 ± 9.87 24.21 ± 5.29
MI% M 2.78 ± 1.52 2.14 ± 1.99 S 3.98 ± 3.18 2.90 ± 1.65
GR% M 63.21 ± 13.27 70.13 ± 13.02 S 70.69 ± 9.42 72.68 ± 5.92

Blood morphological parameters in Shetland pony mares (M) and stallions (S) before and after exercise in summer

Parameters Sex Before exercise After exercise Sex Before exercise After exercise
RBC,·1012/L M 8.01 ± 1.45 8.59 ± 0.53 S 7.71 ± 1.03 8.99 ± 1.64
HGB, g/dL M 14.44 ± 2.5 16.78 ± 1.78 S 13.62 ± 1.52 14.04 ± 1.99
HCT, % M 43.13 ± 6.12 45.24 ± 4.59 S 39.57 ± 3.35 39.77 ± 5.67
MCV, fL M 46.53 ± 2.95 45.95 ± 2.47 S 43.63 ± 3.58 44.74 ± 2.93
MCH, pg M 18.05 ± 1.22 19.48 ± 1.04 S 15.98 ± 1.77 15.74 ± 1.23
MCHC, g/dL M 33.44 ± 2.52 37.18 ± 2.83 S 30.87 ± 0.95 35.34 ± 1.55
RDW, % M 17.77 ± 2.36 20.50 ± 0.49 S 17.52 ± 2.31 20.45 ± 1.22
PLT, 109/L M 250.18 ± 78.26 266.54 ± 43.30 S 262.30 ± 49.45 305.20 ± 56.66
MPV, fL M 11.08 ± 0.38 11.76 ± 0.61 S 11.32 ± 0.86 10.74 ± 0.93
PDW, % M 36.95 ± 0.86 37.51 ± 0.96 S 33.34 ± 3.02 34.84 ± 3.34
WBC, 109/L M 7.23 ± 1.58 7.80 ± 1.39 S 7.04 ± 1.32 8.25 ± 1.91
LYM, 109/L M 2.34 ± 0.86 2.39 ± 0.46 S 2.22 ± 0.72 2.22 ± 0.92
MID, 109/L M 0.17 ± 0.13 0.20 ± 0.15 S 0.16 ± 0.13 0.14 ± 0.21
GRA, 109/L M 4.75 ± 0.99 5.24 ± 1.82 S 4.69 ± 0.95 5.28 ± 1.53
LY% M 30.29 ± 8.14 32.12 ± 8.45 S 29.62 ± 8.09 25.50 ± 8.06
MI% M 2.33 ± 1.75 2.68 ± 2.11 S 2.32 ± 1.77 2.35 ± 3.27
GR% M 67.38 ± 7.84 65.00 ± 8.66 S 68.07 ± 7.60 71.06 ± 7.23
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