<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec id="j_jvetres-2021-0026_s_005">
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>Novel clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreaks have occurred since early 2015 in Taiwan and impacted the island economically, like they have many countries. This research investigates the immunogenicity of two HPAIV-like particles to assess their promise as vaccine candidates.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2021-0026_s_006">
<h3>Material and Methods</h3>
<p>The haemagglutinin (HA) gene derived from clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIV and matrix protein 1 (M1) gene were cloned into the pFastBac Dual baculovirus vector. The resulting recombinant viruses were expressed in <italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> moth (Sf)21 cells and silkworm pupae to generate Sf21 virus-like particles (VLP) and silkworm pupa VLP. Two-week-old specific pathogen–free chickens were immunised and their humoral and cellular immune responses were analysed.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2021-0026_s_007">
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>The silkworm pupa VLP had higher haemagglutination competence. Both VLP types elicited haemagglutination inhibition antibodies, anti-HA antibodies, splenic interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) mRNA expression, and CD4<sup>+</sup>/CD8<sup>+</sup> ratio elevation. However, chickens receiving silkworm pupa VLP exhibited a significantly higher anti-HA antibody titre in ELISA after vaccination. Although Sf21 VLP recipients expressed more IFN-γ and IL-4, the increase in IFN-γ did not significantly raise the CD4<sup>+</sup>/CD8<sup>+</sup> ratio and the increase in IL-4 did not promote anti-HA antibodies.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_jvetres-2021-0026_s_008">
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Both VLP systems possess desirable immunogenicity <italic>in vivo</italic>. However, in respect of immunogenic efficacy and the production cost, pupa VLP may be the superior vaccine candidate against clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIV infection.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Introduction
Novel clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreaks have occurred since early 2015 in Taiwan and impacted the island economically, like they have many countries. This research investigates the immunogenicity of two HPAIV-like particles to assess their promise as vaccine candidates.


Material and Methods
The haemagglutinin (HA) gene derived from clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIV and matrix protein 1 (M1) gene were cloned into the pFastBac Dual baculovirus vector. The resulting recombinant viruses were expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda moth (Sf)21 cells and silkworm pupae to generate Sf21 virus-like particles (VLP) and silkworm pupa VLP. Two-week-old specific pathogen–free chickens were immunised and their humoral and cellular immune responses were analysed.


Results
The silkworm pupa VLP had higher haemagglutination competence. Both VLP types elicited haemagglutination inhibition antibodies, anti-HA antibodies, splenic interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) mRNA expression, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio elevation. However, chickens receiving silkworm pupa VLP exhibited a significantly higher anti-HA antibody titre in ELISA after vaccination. Although Sf21 VLP recipients expressed more IFN-γ and IL-4, the increase in IFN-γ did not significantly raise the CD4+/CD8+ ratio and the increase in IL-4 did not promote anti-HA antibodies.


Conclusion
Both VLP systems possess desirable immunogenicity in vivo. However, in respect of immunogenic efficacy and the production cost, pupa VLP may be the superior vaccine candidate against clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIV infection.

Comparison of chicken immune responses after inoculation with H5 avian influenza virus-like particles produced by insect cells or pupae

Journal of Veterinary Research

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Introduction
Novel clade 2.3.4.4 H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreaks have occurred since early 2015 in Taiwan and impacted the island...

Comparison of chicken immune responses after inoculation with H5 avian influenza virus-like particles produced by insect cells or pupae

Publié en ligne: 22 mai 2021

Pages: 139 - 145

Reçu: 25 oct. 2020

Accepté: 26 avr. 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0026

Mots clés
avian influenza virus, clade 2.3.4.4, silkworm pupa, vaccine, virus-like particle

© 2021 D. Huang et al. published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Comparison of chicken immune responses after inoculation with H5 avian influenza virus-like particles produced by insect cells or pupae

Publié en ligne: 22 mai 2021

Pages: 139 - 145

Reçu: 25 oct. 2020

Accepté: 26 avr. 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2021-0026

Mots clésavian influenza virus, clade 2.3.4.4, silkworm pupa, vaccine, virus-like particle

© 2021 D. Huang et al. published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Mots clés
avian influenza virus, clade 2.3.4.4, silkworm pupa, vaccine, virus-like particle