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The Growth Activity and Productivity of Apple Trees Depending on the Form of the Crown and the Time of Pruning

Andrii Chaploutskyi
Andrii Chaploutskyi
, 
Oleksandra Polunina
Oleksandra Polunina
, 
Inna Kucher
Inna Kucher
, 
Bohdan Chetskyi
Bohdan Chetskyi
, 
Vitalii Borysenko
Vitalii Borysenko
 et 
Oleksandr Zabolotnyi
Oleksandr Zabolotnyi
   | 11 déc. 2023
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Publié en ligne: 11 déc. 2023
Pages: 55 - 63
Reçu: 01 juin 2023
Accepté: 01 sept. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2023-0027
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© 2023 Andrii Chaploutskyi et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Crown formation: slender spindle (1), ballerina (2), and French axis (3)
Crown formation: slender spindle (1), ballerina (2), and French axis (3)

Figure 2.

Average growth of stem diameter (A), number of shoots (B), shoot length (C) and total shoot length (D) of apple trees in 2019–2022 depending on the crown shape and pruning timeNote: cultivars: ‘Fuji’ (F), ‘Honeycrisp’ (HC); crown form: slender spindle (SS), French axis (FA), ballerina (B); pruning period: winter (W), winter and summer (WS)
Average growth of stem diameter (A), number of shoots (B), shoot length (C) and total shoot length (D) of apple trees in 2019–2022 depending on the crown shape and pruning timeNote: cultivars: ‘Fuji’ (F), ‘Honeycrisp’ (HC); crown form: slender spindle (SS), French axis (FA), ballerina (B); pruning period: winter (W), winter and summer (WS)

Figure. 3.

Averaged data of specific productivity per cross-sectional area of the stem (A) and specific productivity per total shoot length (B) of apple trees for 2019–2022 depending on the shape of the crown and the term of pruningNote: see Fig. 1
Averaged data of specific productivity per cross-sectional area of the stem (A) and specific productivity per total shoot length (B) of apple trees for 2019–2022 depending on the shape of the crown and the term of pruningNote: see Fig. 1

Specific productivity of apple trees depending on the shape of the crown and the term of pruning (averaged data for 2019–2022 years)

Crown form Term of pruning Specific productivity per bole cross-sectional area (kg·cm−2) Specific productivity per total shoot length (kg·m−1)
‘Fuji’
Slender spindle winter (control) 0.40 ± 0.03 cd 0.95 ± 0.06 c
winter and summer 0.51 ± 0.04 bc 1.44 ± 0.13 b
French axis winter 0.26 ± 0.02 e 0.72 ± 0.10 c
winter and summer 0.33 ± 0.01 de 0.79 ± 0.12 c
Ballerina winter 0.57 ± 0.05 ab 1.42 ± 0.09 b
winter and summer 0.68 ± 0.04 a 2.03 ± 0.19 a
‘Honeycrisp’
Slender spindle winter 0.31 ± 0.03 bc 0.84 ± 0.05 bc
winter and summer 0.40 ± 0.03 ab 1.18 ± 0.04 ab
French axis winter 0.17 ± 0.02 d 0.54 ± 0.08 c
winter and summer 0.24 ± 0.01 cd 0.75 ± 0.08 bc
Ballerina winter 0.35 ± 0.03 ab 1.13 ± 0.07 b
winter and summer 0.43 ± 0.05 a 1.78 ± 0.24 a

Average monthly weather conditions during the experiment (2019–2022 years)

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Rainfall (mm) 47 44 39 48 55 87 87 59 43 33 43 48
Air temperature (°C) −5.7 −4.2 0.4 8.5 14.6 17.6 19 18.2 13.6 7.6 2.1 −2.4
Relative air humidity (%) 86 85 82 68 64 66 67 68 73 80 87 88

Parameters of vegetative growth of apple trees depending on the form of the crown and the term of pruning (averaged data for 2019–2022 years)

Crown form Term of pruning Stem diameter increase (mm) Number of shoots (pcs. per tree) Shoot length (cm) Total shoot length (m per tree)
‘Fuji’
Slender spindle winter (control) 4.8 ± 0.1* ab 49 ± 3 ab 22.1 ± 1.8 c 10.6 ± 0.3 ab
winter and summer 4.1 ± 0.1 cd 54 ± 5 a 16.0 ± 1.1 de 8.6 ± 0.8 bc
French axis winter 5.2 ± 0.2 a 36 ± 3 c 28.8 ± 2.7 a 10.3 ± 0.8 ab
winter and summer 4.6 ± 0.2 abc 41 ± 2 bc 27.2 ± 2.6 ab 11.0 ± 0.3 a
Ballerina winter 4.4 ± 0.2 bcd 49 ± 3 ab 20.3 ± 1.3 bcd 9.9 ± 0.8 abc
winter and summer 3.8 ± 0.2 d 54 ± 5 a 14.7 ± 0.7 e 7.9 ± 0.8 c
‘Honeycrisp’
Slender spindle winter (control) 6.5 ± 0.2 bc 45 ± 2 ab 28.8 ± 0.9 ab 12.8 ± 0.8 a
winter and summer 6.1 ± 0.1 c 44 ± 2 ab 26.4 ± 0.8 b 11.3 ± 0.3 a
French axis winter 7.2 ± 0.1 a 39 ± 2 b 32.1 ± 2.0 a 12.4 ± 0.3 a
winter and summer 6.9 ± 0.1 ab 39 ± 2 b 29.3 ± 1.4 ab 11.4 ± 0.4 a
Ballerina winter 6.5 ± 0.1 bc 43 ± 1 ab 25.0 ± 1.6 b 10.7 ± 0.7 ab
winter and summer 5.8 ± 0.2 c 50 ± 5 a 17.3 ± 0.8 c 8.6 ± 1.0 b
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