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Searching for Suitable Cultivation System of Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla (L.) W.D.J.Koch) in the Tropical Lowland

Rofiqoh P. Ria
Rofiqoh P. Ria
, 
Benyamin Lakitan
Benyamin Lakitan
, 
Firdaus Sulaiman
Firdaus Sulaiman
 et 
Yakup Yakup
Yakup Yakup
   | 02 févr. 2023
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Publié en ligne: 02 févr. 2023
Pages: 81 - 90
Reçu: 01 juil. 2022
Accepté: 01 déc. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2023-0022
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© 2023 Rofiqoh P. Ria et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Upper and bottom surfaces of the PET raft for vegetable floating culture. The ¾-inch PVC pipe (1), elbow connector (2), T-connector (3), arranged PET bottles (4), and stainless mosquito net (5)
Upper and bottom surfaces of the PET raft for vegetable floating culture. The ¾-inch PVC pipe (1), elbow connector (2), T-connector (3), arranged PET bottles (4), and stainless mosquito net (5)

Figure 2

The effect of cultivation systems and cultivars of the Swiss chard on fresh weight (A–B) and number of leaves (C–D) at 22, 25, and 28 days after transplanting (DAT). The different letters on standard error bar are significantly different based on the LSD at p ≤ 0.05
The effect of cultivation systems and cultivars of the Swiss chard on fresh weight (A–B) and number of leaves (C–D) at 22, 25, and 28 days after transplanting (DAT). The different letters on standard error bar are significantly different based on the LSD at p ≤ 0.05

Water content of leaf blade and petiole amongst three different cultivation systems

Cultivation Blade water content (%) Petiole water content (%)
22 DAT
Conventional 89.4 ± 0.44 b 87.4 ± 3.75 a
Floating 90.5 ± 0.71 ab 92.7 ± 0.57 a
Bottom-wet 91.5 ± 0.33 a 92.2 ± 1.08 a
25 DAT
Conventional 90.3 ± 0.39 a 91.6 ± 0.61 a
Floating 90.4 ± 0.49 a 93.1 ± 0.12 a
Bottom-wet 88.5 ± 2.02 a 91.6 ± 1.31 a
28 DAT
Conventional 87.6 ± 0.39 b 89.9 ± 0.45 b
Floating 89.8 ± 0.16 a 92.5 ± 0.22 a
Bottom-wet 88.4 ± 1.08 b 89.8 ± 0.54 b

The leaf area estimation model and coefficient determination (R2) for ‘Red Ruby’, ‘Yellow Canary’, and ‘Pink Passion’ cultivars of the Swiss chard plant

Cultivar Regression Predictor Model R2
‘Red Ruby’ Zero-Intercept Linear Length × Width LA = 0.695 LW 0.981
Length LA = 5.704 L 0.924
Width LA = 9.816 W 0.940
Power Length × Width LA = 0.786 LW0.972 0.921
Length LA = 0.406 L1.991 0.856
Width LA = 1.973 W1.746 0.866
‘Yellow Canary’ Zero-Intercept Linear Length × Width LA = 0.658 LW 0.982
Length LA = 6.302 L 0.931
Width LA = 11.887 W 0.937
Power Length × Width LA = 1.138 LW0.893 0.934
Length LA = 0.791 L1.707 0.836
Width LA = 2.759 W1.631 0.842
‘Pink Passion’ Zero-Intercept Linear Length × Width LA = 0.666 LW 0.976
Length LA = 6.021 L 0.925
Width LA = 10.028 W 0.927
Power Length × Width LA = 0.909 LW0.937 0.904
Length LA = 0.440 L1.968 0.829
Width LA = 2.472 W1.622 0.817

Fresh and dry weights of the leaf and petiole in three different Swiss chard cultivars

Cultivar Leaf FW (g) Leaf DW (g) Petiole FW (g) Petiole DW (g)
22 DAT
‘Red Ruby’ 27.6 ± 4.60 a 2.03 ± 0.50 a 10.8 ± 2.90 a 0.91 ± 2.28 a
‘Yellow Canary’ 31.1 ± 6.01 a 2.75 ± 0.49 a 14.8 ± 2.16 a 1.17 ± 2.08 a
‘Pink Passion’ 19.9 ± 0.68 b 2.70 ± 0.28 a 12.5 ± 3.00 a 1.05 ± 1.45 a
25 DAT
‘Red Ruby’ 37.6 ± 3.82 ab 3.71 ± 0.45 a 21.2 ± 3.66 a 1.68 ± 0.24 a
‘Yellow Canary’ 49.6 ± 10.4 a 4.28 ± 0.70 a 22.2 ± 6.21 a 1.78 ± 0.27 a
‘Pink Passion’ 34.2 ± 1.88 b 3.98 ± 0.18 a 28.2 ± 4.36 a 2.00 ± 0.21 a
28 DAT
‘Red Ruby’ 44.8 ± 6.95 a 5.28 ± 0.62 a 27.8 ± 5.46 a 2.51 ± 0.21 a
‘Yellow Canary’ 52.5 ± 8.01 a 6.12 ± 0.51 a 31.3 ± 7.47 a 2.86 ± 0.47 a
‘Pink Passion’ 49.8 ± 5.11 a 5.22 ± 0.34 a 33.6 ± 3.14 a 2.95 ± 0.22 a

Differences in the fresh and dry weight of leaf blades and petioles of Swiss chard cultivated using conventional, floating, or bottom-wet culture

Cultivation Blade FW (g) Blade DW (g) Petiole FW (g) Petiole DW (g)
22 DAT
Conventional 27.6 ± 0.25 a 2.91 ± 0.12 a 12.9 ± 0.53 ab 1.22 ± 0.05 a
Floating 31.1 ± 5.30 a 2.86 ± 0.38 a 15.3 ± 0.63 a 1.07 ± 0.07 a
Bottom-wet 19.9 ± 4.44 b 1.70 ± 0.31 b 9.9 ± 1.71 b 0.73 ± 0.04 b
25 DAT
Conventional 37.6 ± 2.36 ab 3.62 ± 0.07 a 18.6 ± 0.63 b 1.56 ± 0.10 a
Floating 49.6 ± 4.63 a 4.73 ± 0.51 a 31.1 ± 1.75 a 2.15 ± 0.07 a
Bottom-wet 34.2 ± 7.49 b 3.62 ± 0.36 a 20.0 ± 6.33 b 1.74 ± 0.30 a
28 DAT
Conventional 44.4 ± 0.41 b 5.48 ± 0.18 a 24.3 ± 2.84 b 2.39 ± 0.19 a
Floating 57.1 ± 6.56 a 5.86 ± 0.72 a 41.3 ± 2.16 a 3.10 ± 0.27 a
Bottom-wet 45.6 ± 7.82 b 5.28 ± 0.62 a 27.9 ± 3.38 b 2.91 ± 0.37 a

Length, fresh weight, and dry weight of the roots as affected by cultivation system in Swiss chard

Cultivation Root length (cm) Root FW (g) Root DW (g)
22 DAT
Conventional 33.6 ± 1.43 a 5.67 ± 0.06 b 0.47 ± 0.08 ab
Floating 26.8 ± 2.48 b 9.74 ± 0.08 a 0.65 ± 0.14 a
Bottom-wet 19.6 ± 1.88 c 4.10 ± 0.05 b 0.37 ± 0.14 b
25 DAT
Conventional 34.4 ± 3.04 a 5.26 ± 1.31 b 0.56 ± 0.07 ab
Floating 28.7 ± 3.33 ab 8.58 ± 1.61 a 0.80 ± 0.15 a
Bottom-wet 22.7 ± 1.33 b 4.87 ± 1.00 b 0.51 ± 0.14 b
28 DAT
Conventional 26.8 ± 1.73 ab 7.77 ± 0.52 b 0.31 ± 0.07 b
Floating 29.2 ± 3.06 a 11.30 ± 3.04 a 0.58 ± 0.62 a
Bottom-wet 24.1 ± 1.38 b 8.28 ± 1.90 b 0.48 ± 0.36 ab

Leaf character variation of the Swiss chard in different cultivation systems and between three cultivars measured 14 and 21 days after transplanting

Petiole length (cm) Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) Leaf thickness (cm) Number of leaves per plant Midrib to petiole ratio
14 DAT
Conventional 8.28 ± 0.27 a 8.89 ± 0.37 a 5.45 ± 0.24 a 0.48 ± 0.03 a 4.08 ± 0.13 a 1.11 ± 0.06 a
Floating 8.79 ± 0.41 a 8.45 ± 0.43 ab 5.32 ± 0.26 a 0.53 ± 0.04 a 3.96 ± 0.15 ab 0.98 ± 0.05 a
Bottom-wet 8.48 ± 0.33 a 7.98 ± 0.27 b 5.18 ± 0.26 a 0.50 ± 0.02 a 3.62 ± 0.11 b 0.97 ± 0.03 a
P-value 0.49 0.06 0.65 0.26 0.03 0.11
‘Red Ruby’ 8.82 ± 0.31 a 8.02 ± 0.19 b 5.09 ± 0.26 a 0.43 ± 0.02 c 4.04 ± 0.15 a 0.91 ± 0.02 b
‘Yellow Canary’ 8.26 ± 0.32 a 9.37 ± 0.43 a 5.13 ± 0.25 a 0.59 ± 0.03 a 3.87 ± 0.11 a 1.18 ± 0.07 a
‘Pink Passion’ 8.47 ± 0.39 a 7.93 ± 0.25 b 5.46 ± 0.24 a 0.49 ± 0.02 b 3.81 ± 0.16 a 0.97 ± 0.06 b
P-value 0.40 <0.001 0.41 <0.001 0.33 0.003
21 DAT
Conventional 12.9 ± 0.50 b 13.5 ± 0.44 ab 8.90 ± 0.45 ab 0.46 ± 0.02 a 5.87 ± 0.18 a 1.07 ± 0.06 a
Floating 15.0 ± 0.56 a 14.5 ± 0.63 a 9.42 ± 0.25 a 0.46 ± 0.03 a 5.53 ± 0.10 a 0.98 ± 0.05 ab
Bottom-wet 14.1 ± 0.63 ab 12.7 ± 0.60 b 8.28 ± 0.45 b 0.40 ± 0.02 b 4.95 ± 0.20 b 0.91 ± 0.03 b
P-value 0.04 0.015 0.09 0.02 0.02 0.05
‘Red Ruby’ 13.1 ± 0.53 b 12.6 ± 0.57 b 8.42 ± 0.60 a 0.42 ± 0.02 a 5.59 ± 0.21 a 0.97 ± 0.03 b
‘Yellow Canary’ 14.1 ± 0.65 ab 15.1 ± 0.44 a 8.99 ± 0.32 a 0.45 ± 0.03 a 5.11 ± 0.17 b 1.10 ± 0.07 a
‘Pink Passion’ 14.8 ± 0.56 a 12.9 ± 0.42 b 9.19 ± 0.22 a 0.46 ± 0.02 a 5.66 ± 0.22 a 0.90 ± 0.03 b
P-value 0.09 0.0005 0.29 0.27 0.04 0.009
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