Seed Source Effects on Germination, Growth, and Yield of Carrots Under Natural Farming
, , et | 26 oct. 2021
À propos de cet article
Publié en ligne: 26 oct. 2021
Pages: 117 - 126
Reçu: 01 déc. 2020
Accepté: 01 juin 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2021-0014
Mots clés
© 2021 You Katsu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Fig. 1
Effects of cultivation methods and seed sources on aboveground parameters including leaf fresh weight, leaf count, and R : S
| Treatment | Leaf fresh weight (g per plant) | Leaf count | R : S ratio (g·g−1) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 autumn | 2018 spring | 2018 autumn | 2017 autumn | 2018 spring | 2018 autumn | 2017 autumn | 2018 spring | 2018 autumn | |
| Method (M) | |||||||||
| CT | - | 7.48±5.42bc | 10.10±6.81a | 7.31±1.21a | 6.70±1.44bc | 5.24±1.37a | - | 1.12±0.60ab | 4.18±1.86a |
| CF | - | 48.60±22.60a | 28.83±12.41a | 7.92±0.84a | 9.43±1.20a | 6.48±0.94a | - | 1.43±0.61a | 3.72±1.67a |
| NF1 | - | 27.02±12.22ab | 21.11±9.68a | 7.98±0.54a | 8.29±1.12ab | 6.02±1.04a | - | 1.59±0.50a | 4.38±1.88a |
| NF2 | - | 2.45±2.53c | 5.64±4.12a | 5.66±1.18a | 5.00±0.92c | 5.35±0.67a | - | 0.61±0.32b | 2.79±1.57a |
| Significance | - | ** | * | ns | ** | ns | - | ** | ns |
| Seed source (S) | |||||||||
| HB | - | 12.84±10.94b | 10.97±6.84b | 7.03±1.20a | 6.69±1.57b | 5.02±0.70b | - | 1.74±0.69a | 5.78±1.58a |
| OPC | - | 25.79±27.56a | 20.44±15.40a | 7.26±1.38a | 7.29±2.31ab | 6.09±1.27a | - | 0.96±0.36b | 2.84±0.74b |
| OPN | - | 25.54±24.31a | 17.85±12.72a | 7.80±1.16a | 8.08±2.08a | 6.21±0.95a | - | 0.86±0.36b | 2.69±0.69b |
| Significance | - | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** | - | *** | *** |
| M × S interactions | - | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | - | ns | ns |
Fertilizer input under CF treatment
| Type of fertilizer | Application date | Components (kg · a−1) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 2018 | 2018 | N | P2O5 | K2O | |
| Compound fertilizer (CDU555) | July 11 | Feb. 28 | July 11 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| Magnesium multi-phosphate (Kudo-Jyusho-Rin) | July 11 | Feb. 28 | July 11 | 0 | 40 | 0 |
| Compound fertilizer (NH-Kasei-2) | Sept. 8 | May 10 | Sept. 12 | 40 | 0 | 40 |
Effects of cultivation methods and seed sources on leaf length during the growth period
| Treatment | 2017 autumn | 2018 spring | 2018 autumn | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
| Method (M) | |||||||||
| CT | 19.38±6.95ab | 22.77±8.69ab | 22.61±9.80a | 7.84±2.91b | 11.60±5.19b | 19.94±7.92bc | 21.13±4.71ab | 22.98±6.04ab | 23.50±6.76ab |
| CF | 23.85±6.74a | 29.65±8.33a | 30.45±8.98a | 20.92±4.55a | 31.98±6.00a | 44.71±6.24a | 33.61±6.53a | 38.07±6.74a | 39.03±6.19a |
| NF1 | 27.90±5.44a | 33.98±5.46a | 34.76±6.05a | 16.64±4.18a | 26.50±6.60a | 37.15±6.61ab | 30.63±3.12a | 34.26±3.76ab | 34.98±3.45ab |
| NF2 | 7.66±3.93b | 8.64±4.17b | 9.53±4.67a | 6.17±1.67b | 8.11±3.11b | 12.97±6.00c | 15.72±4.28b | 17.77±5.17b | 17.67±5.77b |
| Significance | ** | ** | * | ** | *** | ** | ** | * | * |
| Seed source (S) | |||||||||
| HB | 21.35±7.11a | 25.20±9.03a | 24.91±9.75a | 11.92±5.53a | 17.76±8.74a | 25.50±11.40b | 24.44±7.82a | 26.94±8.74a | 27.05±9.26b |
| OPC | 19.55±10.16a | 24.25±12.90a | 24.61±13.97a | 13.34±7.92a | 20.70±13.05a | 30.42±16.43a | 27.09±9.58a | 30.26±11.17a | 30.75±11.65a |
| OPN | 20.32±10.80a | 24.52±12.98a | 27.53±12.05a | 13.42±7.95a | 20.18±12.53a | 30.16±15.77a | 24.28±8.84a | 27.62±10.12a | 28.58±10.31ab |
| Significance | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | * |
| M × S interactions | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Names of the cultivar and seed supply
| Year | 2017 autumn | 2018 spring and autumn | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seed source | Cultivar | Seed supply | Cultivar | Seed supply |
| HB | ‘Kouyounigou’ | Takii & Co. | ‘Kouyounigou’ | Takii & Co. |
| OPC | ‘Kuroda-gosun’ | Noguchi Seed Co. | ‘Chikumano-gosun’ | International Nature Farming Research Center |
| OPN | ‘Kuroda-gosun’ | Institute for Agriculture, Medicine, and the Environment | ‘Chikumano-gosun’ | Institute for Agriculture, Medicine, and the Environment |
Cultivation and sampling schedule
| 2017 autumn | 2018 spring | 2018 autumn | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sowing date | July 26–27 | Mar. 16–17 | July 20–21 |
| Germination survey date | Aug. 16 | Mar. 27 | July 27 |
| Thinning date | 1st Sept. 1 | 1st Apr. 30 | 1st Aug. 28 |
| 2nd Sept. 27 | 2nd May 10 | 2nd Sept. 23 | |
| 3rd Oct. 10 | 3rd May 25 | 3rd Oct. 6 | |
| Growth survey date | 1st Sept. 29 | 1st May 29 | 1st Sept. 23 |
| 2nd Oct. 13 | 2nd June 11 | 2nd Oct. 7 | |
| 3rd Oct. 27 | 3rd June 25 | 3rd Oct. 21 | |
| Yield survey date | Nov. 8–10 | June 28–30 | Nov. 2–4 |
Effects of cultivation methods and seed sources on belowground parameters including root fresh weight, root length, and root maximum diameter
| Treatment | Root fresh weight (g per plant) | Root length (cm) | Root maximum diameter (mm) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 autumn | 2018 spring | 2018 autumn | 2017 autumn | 2018 spring | 2018 autumn | 2017 autumn | 2018 spring | 2018 autumn | |
| Method (M) | |||||||||
| CT | 46.67±35.70a | 9.20±8.47b | 38.07±21.61ab | 10.06±2.82a | 7.40±2.90ab | 10.21±2.84a | 25.77±10.28a | 13.40±5.36b | 24.31±6.90a |
| CF | 72.11±38.02a | 61.63±19.13a | 97.05±30.99a | 11.98±2.46a | 13.32±2.44a | 13.46±1.28a | 32.20±9.58a | 33.13±5.13a | 37.02±5.70a |
| NF1 | 90.43±26.80a | 39.80±13.54a | 81.10±20.79a | 12.14±1.63a | 10.96±1.78a | 12.18±1.39a | 37.57±5.88a | 27.63±4.60a | 35.75±3.74a |
| NF2 | 6.42±7.07a | 1.82±2.12b | 18.60±18.94b | 4.77±2.12a | 3.49±2.03b | 7.27±2.22a | 11.76±5.55a | 6.78±3.76b | 17.64±8.95a |
| Significance | * | *** | ** | * | ** | * | * | *** | * |
| Seed source (S) | |||||||||
| HB | 70.57±44.51a | 27.65±25.20a | 66.95±42.79a | 10.88±3.69a | 9.63±4.93a | 11.15±3.04a | 32.28±11.82a | 20.66±11.51a | 31.79±10.57a |
| OPC | 46.62±43.12b | 29.74±31.29a | 59.82±41.22a | 9.21±3.59b | 8.41±4.30a | 10.75±3.49a | 24.10±12.52b | 20.40±12.38a | 28.03±10.86ab |
| OPN | 57.49±38.16ab | 26.94±26.93a | 49.35±34.50a | 10.48±3.38ab | 8.34±4.13a | 10.45±2.87a | 28.21±11.34ab | 19.66±12.11a | 26.22±9.62b |
| Significance | ** | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ** | ns | ** |
| M × S interactions | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Effects of cultivation methods and seed sources on germination rate (%) in autumn 2017
| Method (M) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT | CF | NF1 | NF2 | |
| Seed source (S) | ||||
| HB | 48.78 ± 22.84a | 39.11 ± 20.51a | 30.94 ± 12.13a | 1.05 ± 1.55b |
| OPC | 37.72 ± 14.52a | 34.44 ± 11.72a | 32.39 ± 0.98a | 0.11 ± 0.09b |
| OPN | 41.44 ± 3.26a | 36.22 ± 8.32a | 38.94 ± 7.71a | 8.94 ± 5.86a |
Soil properties of the field
| pH | Electric conductivity (mS·cm−1) | Cation exchange capacity (cmolc · kg−1) | Total C (%) | Total N (%) | C/N | Phosphate absorption coefficient (g · kg−1) | Available phosphate (mg · kg−1) | Exchangeable cations (g · kg−1) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K2O | CaO | MgO | ||||||||
| 6.22 | 0.032 | 27.0 | 2.78 | 0.34 | 8.1 | 20.7 | 6.6 | 0.77 | 1.33 | 0.40 |
Effects of cultivation methods and seed sources on germination rate (%)
| Treatment | 2017 autumn | 2017 spring | 2018 autumn |
|---|---|---|---|
| Method (M) | |||
| CT | 42.65 ± 14.47a | 14.30 ± 12.39a | 29.20 ± 20.68a |
| CF | 36.59 ± 12.69a | 20.85 ± 22.61a | 44.76 ± 32.21a |
| NF1 | 34.09 ± 8.09a | 20.59 ± 20.46a | 32.61 ± 26.93a |
| NF2 | 3.37 ± 5.18b | 11.65 ± 13.14a | 27.40 ± 19.41a |
| Significance | ns | ns | |
| Seed source (S) | |||
| HB | 29.97 ± 23.37b | 0.38 ± 0.36c | 3.97 ± 4.83b |
| OPC | 26.17 ± 17.73b | 15.55 ± 8.36b | 44.06 ± 15.80a |
| OPN | 31.39 ± 14.78a | 34.62 ± 15.91a | 52.45 ± 16.72a |
| Significance | |||
| M × S interactions | ns | ns | |