Genetic Characterization of Tunisian Lime Genotypes Using Pomological Traits

Variable	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Standard deviation	CV (%)
Weight (g)	41.26	157.9	77.3	25.1	32
Fruit diameter (mm)	42.5	65	52.8	52	9
Fruit length (mm)	32.6	66.9	51.7	74	14
Width of fruit skin (mm)	2.5	4.0	3.3	0.3	11
Width of epicarp at equatorial plane (mm)	1.2	2.7	1.8	0.34	18
Fruit rind (mesocarp) thickness (mm)	1.0	2.0	1.3	0.3	21
Number of segments	8	16.4	9.1	1.6	18
Number of seeds	1.2	5.4	3.2	1.1	35
Diameter of fruit axis (mm)	583	1340	817	164	20
Weight of juice (g)	6.5	69.8	29.9	12.71	42
Volume of juice (ml)	50	152	80	26	32
Density of juice (g·ml⁻¹)	100.3	103.6	101.5	0.8	0.7
TSS (°Brix)	7.00	11	8.4	0.9	10
pH	5.1	6.2	5.7	0.2	4
TA (%)	0.06	0.1	0.09	0.01	15
Vitamin C (mg·100 mg⁻¹)	26.2	48.9	33.5	6.57	19

Mean values and significance degree of differences between lime genotypes for juice parameters

Genotypes	Weight (g)	Volume (ml)	Density (g·ml⁻¹)	TA (%)	TSS (°Brix)	pH	Vit. C (mg·100 mg⁻¹)
LimePal1	128.6±40h	75±8d	101.6bc	0.09c	11±2a	5.7±0.1b	48.8±4a
LimePal2	349.3±90a	150±12a	101.3c	0.07de	9.4±2b	5.7±0.1b	37.7±3d
LimeBirs	184.3±80d	117.5±10b	101bc	0.09c	8.3±.5cd	5.5±0.1b	35.7±3d
Lime1	139.3±50g	90±9c	102ab	0.1bc	7.5±1d	5.1±.01d	30.9±2de
Lime2	156.3±60f	100±9bc	100.6cd	0.08cd	8.5±1bc	5.9±0.2b	28.8±2ef
Lime3	159.6±60f	75±12cd	100.6cd	0.08cd	7.8±1d	5.8±0.1ab	27.9±2ef
Lime4	186±85d	70±10d	100.6cd	0.1bc	7.4±1d	5.5±0.1b	26.2±1f
Lime5	140.6±50g	60±7de	102.3ab	0.09c	8.5±1bc	5.6±0.1b	31.5±2d
Lime6	119.3±50h	100±10bc	101.3bc	0.08cd	8.8±1.5bc	5.6±0.1b	32.7±2d
Lime7	112.3±50h	65±5de	102.6ab	0.09c	8.7±1bc	5.6±0.1b	33.3±3d
Lime8	205±85b	152±10a	101.3bc	0.08cd	7.3±0.5de	5.3±0.1bc	48.9±4a
Lime9	163±6ef	75±9d	101bc	0.06e	7.4±0.5de	5.8±0.1b	30.6±2de
Lime10	230.6±80b	90±10c	101.3bc3	0.09c	8.2±1cd	5.6±0.1b	32.7±2d
Lime11	185±80d	85±9c	102ab	0.11ab	9.1±2b	5.84±0.1b	30.4±2de
Lime12	119.6±30i	70±9d	100.33bc	0.08cd	8.3±1cd	5.9±0.2b	45.7±3b
Lime13	94±40k	55±3f	101.3bc	0.12a	9.4±2b	6.05±0.2b	28.8±2ef
Lime14	105.3±4i	67±dde	101bc	0.09c	8.6±1bc	5.77±0.1b	34.3±3d
Lime15	173±7e	100±10bc	101.3bc	0.1bc	8.2±1cd	5.7±0.1b	32.4±2d
Lime16	97.6±3k	100±12bc	102.6ab	0.07de	7±0.5de	5.9±0.1ab	29.3±1ef
Lime17	102.6±4i	67±5de	103.6a	0.1bc	9.5±2b	6.3±0.1a	40±3c
Lime18	89.6±3l	50±5e	102ab	0.1bc	8.5±1.5cd	5.6±0.1b	31.1±2d
Lime19	77.6±1m	67.5±6de	102ab	0.11ab	8.6±1.5bc	5.3±0.1bc	27.3±2ef
Lime20	184.6±8d	95±12bc	101bc	0.1bc	7.4	5.7±0.1b	26.8±1f

List of species, genotypes studied, abbreviations, acquisition date and accession numbers

Species	Abbreviations	Date of first acquisition	Accession ID
Citrus limettioides	LimePal 1	23/01/2014	NGBTUN 757 ARB
Citrus limettioides	LimePal 2	10/02/2014	NGBTUN 992 ARB

Citrus latifolia	LimeBirs	04/02/2014	NGBTUN 782 ARB

Citrus limetta	Lime1	10/02/2014	NGBTUN 1032 ARB
	Lime2	23/01/2014	NGBTUN 756 ARB
	Lime3	23/01/2014	NGBTUN 788 ARB
	Lime4	23/01/2014	NGBTUN 793 ARB
	Lime5	23/01/2014	NGBTUN 794 ARB
	Lime6	23/01/2014	NGBTUN 795 ARB
	Lime7	23/01/2014	NGBTUN 797 ARB
	Lime8	04/02/2014	NGBTUN 798 ARB
	Lime9	15/01/2014	NGBTUN 800 ARB
	Lime10	15/01/2014	NGBTUN 994 ARB
	Lime11	15/01/2014	NGBTUN 823 ARB
	Lime12	28/04/2014	NGBTUN 1033 ARB
	Lime13	30/01/2014	NGBTUN 803 ARB
	Lime14	30/01/2014	NGBTUN 808 ARB
	Lime15	30/01/2014	NGBTUN 812 ARB
	Lime16	10/02/2014	NGBTUN 815 ARB
	Lime17	10/02/2014	NGBTUN 824 ARB
	Lime18	10/02/2014	NGBTUN 759 ARB
	Lime19	30/01/2014	NGBTUN 758 ARB
	Lime20	30/03/2014	NGBTUN 993 ARB

Mean values and significance degree of differences between lime genotypes for fruit characteristics

Genotypes	Weight (g)	Diameter (mm)	Length (mm)	Width of skin (mm)	Width of epicarp at equatorial plane (mm)	Mesocarp thickness (mm)	Number of segment	Number of seeds	Diameter of axis (mm)
LimePal 1	69.0±30e	50±0.6d	50±0.8cd	3.16±0.5bc	1.46±0.3d	1.81±0.5ab	16.46±4a	1.93±0.5de	6±1de
LimePal 2	157.9±34a	65±1.3a	66.9±0.7a	4±1a	2.75±0.6a	1.33±0.5bc	10.26±4b	3.8±0.7c	13.4±3a
Limebirs	87.1±34d	60±1a	50±0.6cd	3.09±0.5c	1.8±0.5c	1.14±0.3cd	8.6±3cd	2.26±0.6d	8.92±3b
Lime1	74.3±23ef	50±0.4d	50±0.7cd	3.1±0.4c	1.85±0.4c	1.38±0.3bc	8.46±3cd	2.46±0.6d	8±3bc
Lime2	77±17e	50±0.4d	50±0.9cd	3±0.6c	2.1±0.7ab	1±0.2d	9±3c	4.2±0.8ab	9.4±3b
Lime3	85.1±29de	55±0.6bc	60±0.2b	4±1a	2.6±0.7a	1.38±0.4bc	8.13±2d	1.2±0.2e	8.9±3bc
Lime4	87.3±39d	55±0.5bc	50±1cd	3±0.4c	1.75±0.6cd	1.4±0.3b	8.8±3cd	3.2±0.7cd	8.25±3bc
Lime5	73.8±15ef	50±0.5d	56.8±0.5c	3.77±0.7ab	2.3±0.7ab	1.42±0.4b	9.2±3c	1.93±0.5e	6.71±1d
Lime6	75.6±39e	55±0.7bc	55±0.4c	3.33±0.6b	1.81±0.4c	1.5±0.5b	9.26±3c	3.86±0.7c	7.41±2c
Lime7	64.2±32	50±0.6d	50±0.5cd	3±0.5c	1.71±0.6cd	1.25±0.1c	8.93±3cd	5.4±1a	9±3b
Lime8	106.1±21bc	59±0.8ab	60±0.6ab	3.72±0.7ab	1.7±0.5cd	2±0.6a	8±2d	3.73±0.7c	9.81±3b
Lime9	80.3±23de	55±0.8bc	52.5±1c	3.22±0.6bc	2±0.4b	1.4±0.3b	9.33±3c	5.06±0.9b	8.41±3bc
Lime10	111±24b	60±0.9a	60±0.3b	3.38±0.5b	1.88±0.4c	1.5±0.5b	8.6±3cd	4.86±1b	7.66±2c
Lime11	84.6±26de	55±0.4bc	36.3±0.2f	3.63±0.6ab	2±0.5b	1.14±0.4cd	8.13±2d	4.78±0.8ab	9.58±3b
Lime12	56.0±13f	50±0.5d	50±0.6cd	3±0.6c	1.57±0.5d	1±0.2d	10±4b	1.86±0.4e	8.25±3bc
Lime13	47.4±12f	45±0.4e	50±0.2d	3.2±0.6c	1.71±0.56cd	1.33±0.3bc	8.66±3cd	3.73±0.7c	6.12±1de
Lime14	56.6±10f	50±0.3d	32.6±0.1f	3.2±0.4c	1.66±0.3d	2±0.5a	8.93±3cd	2.4±0.6d	7.88±2c
Lime15	82.4±30de	50±0.6d	55±0.4c	3.42±0.5b	2±0.4b	1±0.2d	8.66±3cd	2.6±0.6d	6.61±1d
Lime16	41.6±12h	55±0.4bc	50±0.4d	3.16±0.4bc	2±0.5b	1±0.1d	8.88±3cd	3.11±0.7cd	7.75±3c
Lime17	41.2±16h	50±0.5d	46.6±0.3e	2.57±0.3cd	1.37±0.2e	1.4±0.3bc	8.8±3cd	3.93±0.7c	5.83±1e
Lime18	53.8±28fg	46.6±0.2ef	50±0.3d	3.66±0.8ab	2±0.4b	1.57±0.4b	8±2d	3.26±0.7cd	7±2c
Lime19	47±14g	42.5±0.8e	50±0.2d	2.75±0.1cd	1.2±0.1f	1±0.1d	8.8±3cd	3±0.7cd	7.5±2c
Lime20	90.6±21de	56.9±0.5b	60±1ab	3.6±0.6ab	1.83±0.4c	1.25±0.3c	9.2±3c	2.2±0.5de	9.66±3b

Qualitative descriptors used for estimating pomological trait diversity in lime genotypes, their number of classes, proportion (%) of occurrence of each class, and estimated phenotypic diversity index (H’) for each trait

Pomological trait	Observed phenotypic class	Class^*	Proportion (%)	Shannon–Wiener index (H’)
Fruit shape	2	1 spheroid	96	0.24
Fruit shape	2	2 ellipsoid	4	0.24

Shape of fruit apex	2	1 mammiform	96	0.24
Shape of fruit apex	2	3 rounded	4	0.24

Shape of fruit base	2	2 convex	65	0.93
Shape of fruit base	2	3 truncate	35	0.93

Fruit skin (epicarp) color	3	2 green-yellow	35	0.96
		4 yellow	22
		5 dark yellow	43

Fruit surface texture	3	1 smooth	30	0.8
		2 rough	9
		4 pitted	61

Adherence of albedo (mesocarp) to pulp (endocarp)	3	3 weak	4	0.75
		5 medium	44
		7 strong	52

Adherence of segment walls to each other	3	3 weak	4	0.72
		5 medium	35
		7 strong	61

Thickness of segment walls	3	3 thin	35	0.98
		5 medium	39
		7 thick	26

Fruit axis	3	1 solid	4	0.49
		2 semi-hollow	83
		3 hollow	13

Cross-section shape of axis	1	1 round	100	0

Pulp (flesh) color	2	2 green	26	0.82
Pulp (flesh) color	2	3 yellow	74	0.82

Pulp color uniformity	1	1 uniform	100	0

Pulp firmness	2	5 intermediate	9	0.43
Pulp firmness	2	7 firm	91	0.43

Vesicle length	3	3 short	5	0.33
		5 medium	4
		7 long	91

Vesicle thickness	3	3 thin	35	0.98
		5 medium	26
		7 thick	39

Seed shape	2	2 clavate	74	0.82
Seed shape	2	4 ovoid	26	0.82

Seed surface	2	1 smooth	78	0.76
Seed surface	2	2 wrinkled	22	0.76

Seed color	4	2 cream	13	0.84
		3 yellowish	26
		4 green	52
		5 green (medium)	9

Cotyledon color	4	1 white	13	0.65
		2 light yellow–cream	4
		3 light green	13
		5 green (medium)	70

Correlation matrix based on Person index for the quantitative parameters studied

	Fruit weight	Fruit diameter	Fruit length	Width of fruit skin	Width of epicarp at equatorial area	Fruit rind (mesocarp) thickness	Number of segment	Number of seeds	Diameter of fruit axis	Weight of juice	Volume	Density	TA	TSS	pH	Vit. C
Fruit weight (g)	1.0000
Fruit diameter (mm)	0.8183**	1.0000
Fruit length (mm)	0.6129*	0.4769	1.0000
Width of fruit skin (mm)	0.6149*	0.4755	0.4908	1.0000
Width of epicarp at equatorial area (mm)	0.6025*	0.5052	0.4736	0.7756	1.0000
Fruit rind (mesocarp) thickness (mm)		0.1439	0.1300	−.0565	0.2476	−.1151	1.0000
Number of segment	0.0187	−0.046	0.0322	−.1099	−.2007	0.2365	1.0000
Number of seeds	0.1437	0.1465	−.0711	−.1708	−.0551	−.0379	−.2409	1.0000
Diameter of fruit axis (mm)	0.7554**	0.6867**	0.3484	0.4592	0.5531	−.0981	−.1671	0.1889	1.0000
Weight of juice (g)	0.9735**	0.8405**	0.5593	0.5459	0.5953	0.0446	0.0089	0.1582	0.7593**	1.0000
Volume (ml)	0.6208**	0.5572	0.4609	0.4207	0.2159	0.3570	−.0635	0.1301	0.5907	0.5951	1.0000
Density (g · ml⁻¹)	−.3851	−.2664	−.1799	−.2582	−.2307	−.0187	−.0311	0.2690	−.3394	−.3357	−.1086
TA (%)	−.3412	−.5322	−.3556	−.2083	−.4321	−.0898	−.1527	−.0749	−.4175	−.3276	−.3394	0.2334	1.0000
TSS (°Brix)	−.0684	−.2438	−.2031	−.1186	−.1954	0.1768	0.6380**	0.0464	−.2266	−.0631	−.1352	0.2360	0.2749	1.0000
pH	−.2784	−.0593	−.1700	−.0979	0.577	−.1669	0.1209	0.1338	−.1677	−.1419	−.2572	0.1517	−.1032	0.3129	1.0000
Vit. C (mg per 100 mg)	0.1211	0.1635	0.0633	−.0395	−.2831	0.4372	0.5253	−.1120	0.00001	0.1241	0.5019	0.0362	−.2619	0.4061	0.0555	1.0000

Eigenvectors, the main eigenvalues, and variation in percentage of the two first principal components of PCA

Principal components	PC1	PC2
Cumulative (%)	35.52	51.06

Proportion (%)	35.52	15.54

Eigenvalues	Weight of fruit (g) (+0.39)	Fruit rind (mesocarp) thickness (mm) (+0.37)
	Diameter of fruit (mm) (+0.36)	Number of segments (+0.49)
	Diameter of axis (mm) (+0.34)	Vitamin C mg·100 g⁻¹ (+0.55)
	Weight of juice (g) (+0.38)

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Genetic Characterization of Tunisian Lime Genotypes Using Pomological Traits

Publié en ligne: 30 juin 2020

Pages: 65 - 76

Reçu: 01 oct. 2019

Accepté: 01 mars 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2020-0004

Mots clés
diversity, genetic resources, limes, pomology

© 2020 Olfa Saddoud Debbabi et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Descriptive statistics of quantitative traits studied for Tunisian lime genotypes

Mean values and significance degree of differences between lime genotypes for juice parameters

List of species, genotypes studied, abbreviations, acquisition date and accession numbers

Mean values and significance degree of differences between lime genotypes for fruit characteristics

Qualitative descriptors used for estimating pomological trait diversity in lime genotypes, their number of classes, proportion (%) of occurrence of each class, and estimated phenotypic diversity index (H’) for each trait

Correlation matrix based on Person index for the quantitative parameters studied

Eigenvectors, the main eigenvalues, and variation in percentage of the two first principal components of PCA

Genetic Characterization of Tunisian Lime Genotypes Using Pomological Traits

Publié en ligne: 30 juin 2020

Pages: 65 - 76

Reçu: 01 oct. 2019

Accepté: 01 mars 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2020-0004

Mots clésdiversity, genetic resources, limes, pomology

© 2020 Olfa Saddoud Debbabi et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Descriptive statistics of quantitative traits studied for Tunisian lime genotypes

Mean values and significance degree of differences between lime genotypes for juice parameters

List of species, genotypes studied, abbreviations, acquisition date and accession numbers

Mean values and significance degree of differences between lime genotypes for fruit characteristics

Qualitative descriptors used for estimating pomological trait diversity in lime genotypes, their number of classes, proportion (%) of occurrence of each class, and estimated phenotypic diversity index (H’) for each trait

Correlation matrix based on Person index for the quantitative parameters studied

Eigenvectors, the main eigenvalues, and variation in percentage of the two first principal components of PCA

Mots clés
diversity, genetic resources, limes, pomology