Properties of Enhanced Calcium-alginate Beads as a Formulation for Disseminating the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapase, and Steinernema feltiae
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Andalo, V., Moino, A., Maximiniamo, C., Campos V. P., and Mendonca, L. A. 2011. Influence of temperature and duration of storage on the lipid reserves of entomopathogenic nematodes. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 37: 203–209.AndaloV.MoinoA.MaximiniamoC.CamposV. P.MendoncaL. A.2011Influence of temperature and duration of storage on the lipid reserves of entomopathogenic nematodesRevista Colombiana de Entomología37203209Search in Google Scholar
Aquino-Bolaños, T., Ruiz-Vega, J., Hernández, Y. D. O., and Castañeda, J. C. J. 2019. Survival of entomopathogenic nematodes in oil emulsions and control effectiveness on adult engorged ticks (Acari: Ixodida). Journal of Nematology 51:1–10.Aquino-BolañosT.Ruiz-VegaJ.HernándezY. D. O.CastañedaJ. C. J.2019Survival of entomopathogenic nematodes in oil emulsions and control effectiveness on adult engorged ticks (Acari: Ixodida)Journal of Nematology51110Search in Google Scholar
Beck, B., Brusselman, E., Nuyttens, D., Moens, M., Pollet, S., Temmerman, F., and Spanoghe, P. 2013. Improving foliar applications of entomopathogenic nematodes by selecting adjuvants and spray nozzles. Biocontrol Science and Technology 23: 507–520.BeckB.BrusselmanE.NuyttensD.MoensM.PolletS.TemmermanF.SpanogheP.2013Improving foliar applications of entomopathogenic nematodes by selecting adjuvants and spray nozzlesBiocontrol Science and Technology23507520Search in Google Scholar
Bedding, R. A. 1981. Low-cost in vitro mass production of Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis pecies (Nematoda) for field control of insect pests. Nematologica 27:109–114. doi: 10.1163/187529281X00115.BeddingR. A.1981Low-cost in vitro mass production of Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis pecies (Nematoda) for field control of insect pestsNematologica2710911410.1163/187529281X00115Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bedding, R. A. 1988. Storage of entomopathogenic nematodes. WIPO Patent No. WO 88/08668.BeddingR. A.1988Storage of entomopathogenic nematodesWIPO Patent No. WO 88/08668.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, S., and Glazer, I. 2005. A novel method for long-term storage of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae at room temperature. Biological Control 32(1):104–110.ChenS.GlazerI.2005A novel method for long-term storage of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae at room temperatureBiological Control321104110Search in Google Scholar
Cruz-Martínez, H., Ruiz-Vega, J., MatadaMas-Ortíz, P., Cortés-Martínez, C., and Rosas-Diaz, J. 2017. Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes for crop pest control: A review. Plant Protection Science 53(1):15–24. doi: 10.17221/35/2016-PPSCruz-MartínezH.Ruiz-VegaJ.MatadaMas-OrtízP.Cortés-MartínezC.Rosas-DiazJ.2017Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes for crop pest control: A reviewPlant Protection Science531152410.17221/35/2016-PPSOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ehlers, R. U. 2007. Entomopathogenic nematodes: From science to commercial use. Pp. 136–151 in C. Vincent, M. S. Goettel, G. Lazarovits, eds. Biological control: A global perspective. Case studies from around the world. Wallingford: CABI. doi: 10.1079/9781845932657.0136EhlersR. U.2007Entomopathogenic nematodes: From science to commercial use136151inVincentC.GoettelM. S.LazarovitsG.eds.Biological control: A global perspective. Case studies from around the worldWallingfordCABI10.1079/9781845932657.0136Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Fallet, P., Bazagwira, D., Ruzzante, L., Ingabire, G., Levivier, S., Bustos-Segura, C., Kajuga, J. N., Toepfer, S., and Turlings, T. C. J. 2024. Entomopathogenic nematodes as an effective and sustainable alternative to control the fall armyworm in Africa. PNAS Nexus 3:122.FalletP.BazagwiraD.RuzzanteL.IngabireG.LevivierS.Bustos-SeguraC.KajugaJ. N.ToepferS.TurlingsT. C. J.2024Entomopathogenic nematodes as an effective and sustainable alternative to control the fall armyworm in AfricaPNAS Nexus3122Search in Google Scholar
Gaugler, R., Lewis, E., and Stuart, R. J. 1997. Ecology in the service of biological control: The case of entomopathogenic nematodes. Oecologia 109:483–489.GauglerR.LewisE.StuartR. J.1997Ecology in the service of biological control: The case of entomopathogenic nematodesOecologia109483489Search in Google Scholar
Georgis, R. 1990. Formulation and application technology. Pp. 173–191 in R, Gaugler, H. K. Kaya, eds. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in biological control. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.GeorgisR.1990Formulation and application technology173191inGauglerRKayaH. K.eds.Entomopathogenic Nematodes in biological controlBoca Raton, FLCRC PressSearch in Google Scholar
Georgis, R., and Kaya, H. K. 1998. Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes. Pp. 289–308 in H. D. Burges, ed. Formulation of microbial biopesticides. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.GeorgisR.KayaH. K.1998Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes289308inBurgesH. D.ed.Formulation of microbial biopesticidesDordrechtKluwer Academic PublishersSearch in Google Scholar
Glazer, I. 1992. Survival and efficacy of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in an exposed environment. Biocontrol Science and Technology 2:101–107.GlazerI.1992Survival and efficacy of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in an exposed environmentBiocontrol Science and Technology2101107Search in Google Scholar
Grewal, P. S. 2000. Enhanced ambient storage stability of an entomopathogenic nematode through anhydrobiosis. Pest Management Science 56:401–406.GrewalP. S.2000Enhanced ambient storage stability of an entomopathogenic nematode through anhydrobiosisPest Management Science56401406Search in Google Scholar
Grewal, P. S. 2002. Formulation and application technology. Pp. 265–287 in R. Gaugler, ed. Entomopathogenic nematology. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. doi: 10.1079/9780851995670.0265GrewalP. S.2002Formulation and application technology265287inGauglerR.ed.Entomopathogenic nematologyWallingfordCABI Publishing10.1079/9780851995670.0265Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Grewal, P. S., and Peters, A. 2005. Formulation and quality. Pp. 79–89 in P. S. Grewal, R.-U. Ehlers, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, eds. Nematodes as biocontrol agents. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. doi: 10.1079/9780851990170.0079GrewalP. S.PetersA.2005Formulation and quality7989inGrewalP. S.EhlersR.-U.Shapiro-IlanD. I.eds.Nematodes as biocontrol agentsWallingfordCABI Publishing10.1079/9780851990170.0079Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Grzywacz, D., Moore, D., and Rabindra, R. J. 2014. Mass production of entomopathogens in less industrialized countries. Pp. 519–561 in J. Morales-Ramos, M. G. Rojas, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, eds. Mass production of beneficial organisms. London: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-391453-8.00015-7GrzywaczD.MooreD.RabindraR. J.2014Mass production of entomopathogens in less industrialized countries519561inMorales-RamosJ.RojasM. G.Shapiro-IlanD. I.eds.Mass production of beneficial organismsLondonElsevier10.1016/B978-0-12-391453-8.00015-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hiltpold, I., Hibbard, B. E., French, B. W., and Turlings, T. C. J. 2012. Capsules containing entomopathogenic nematodes as a Trojan horse approach to control the western corn rootworm. Plant and Soil 358:11–25. doi: 10.1007/s11104-012-1253-0HiltpoldI.HibbardB. E.FrenchB. W.TurlingsT. C. J.2012Capsules containing entomopathogenic nematodes as a Trojan horse approach to control the western corn rootwormPlant and Soil358112510.1007/s11104-012-1253-0Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hussein, M. A., and Abdel-Aty, M. A. 2012. Formulation of two native entomopathogenic nematodes at room temperature. Journal of Biopesticides 5:23–7HusseinM. A.Abdel-AtyM. A.2012Formulation of two native entomopathogenic nematodes at room temperatureJournal of Biopesticides5237Search in Google Scholar
Kagimu, N. 2018. The development of a formulation for the commercialization of entomopathogenic nematodes. Dissertation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch.KagimuN.2018The development of a formulation for the commercialization of entomopathogenic nematodesDissertation,Stellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSearch in Google Scholar
Kagimu, N., Ferreira, T., and Malan, A. P. 2017. The attributes of survival in formulating entomopathogenic nematodes utilized as insect biocontrol agents. African Entomology 25:275–291. doi: 10.4001/003.025.0275.KagimuN.FerreiraT.MalanA. P.2017The attributes of survival in formulating entomopathogenic nematodes utilized as insect biocontrol agentsAfrican Entomology2527529110.4001/003.025.0275Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kagimu, N., and Malan, A. P. 2019. Formulation of South African entomopathogenic nematodes using alginate beads and diatomaceous earth. BioControl 64:413–422. doi: 10.1007/s10526-019-09945-1KagimuN.MalanA. P.2019Formulation of South African entomopathogenic nematodes using alginate beads and diatomaceous earthBioControl6441342210.1007/s10526-019-09945-1Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Karimi, J., Dara, S. K., and Arthurs, S. 2018. Microbial insecticides in Iran: History, current status, challenges and perspective. Journal of invertebrate pathology 165:67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.016KarimiJ.DaraS. K.ArthursS.2018Microbial insecticides in Iran: History, current status, challenges and perspectiveJournal of invertebrate pathology1656773https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.016Search in Google Scholar
Kary, N. E., Chahardoli, S., Mohammadi, D., and Dillon, A. B. 2018. Effects of abiotic factors on the osmotic response of alginate-formulated entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Biocontrol Science and Technology. doi:10.1080/09583157.2018.1479731KaryN. E.ChahardoliS.MohammadiD.DillonA. B.2018Effects of abiotic factors on the osmotic response of alginate-formulated entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Nematoda: Rhabditida)Biocontrol Science and Technology10.1080/09583157.2018.1479731Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kaya, H. K. 1990. Soil ecology. Pp 215–231 in R. Gaugler, H. K. Kaya, eds. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.KayaH. K.1990Soil ecology215231inGauglerR.KayaH. K.eds.Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological controlBoca Raton, FLCRC PressSearch in Google Scholar
Kaya, H. K., and Nelsen, C. E. 1985. Encapsulation of Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes with calcium alginate: A new approach for insect control and other applications. Environmental Entomology 14:572–574. doi:10.1093/ee/14.5.572KayaH. K.NelsenC. E.1985Encapsulation of Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes with calcium alginate: A new approach for insect control and other applicationsEnvironmental Entomology1457257410.1093/ee/14.5.572Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kaya, H. K., Mannion, C. M., Burlando, T. M., and Nelson, C. E. 1987. Escape of Steinernema feltiae from alginate capsules containing tomato seeds. Journal of Nematology 19:278–291.KayaH. K.MannionC. M.BurlandoT. M.NelsonC. E.1987Escape of Steinernema feltiae from alginate capsules containing tomato seedsJournal of Nematology19278291Search in Google Scholar
Kim, J., Hiltpold, I., Jauel, G., Sbaiti, I., Hibbard, B. E., and Turlings, T. C. J. 2021. Calcium-alginate beads as a formulation for the application of entomopathogenic nematodes to control the Western corn rootworm. Journal of Pest Science 94(4):1197–1208. doi:10.1007/s10340-021-01349-4.KimJ.HiltpoldI.JauelG.SbaitiI.HibbardB. E.TurlingsT. C. J.2021Calcium-alginate beads as a formulation for the application of entomopathogenic nematodes to control the Western corn rootwormJournal of Pest Science9441197120810.1007/s10340-021-01349-4Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kim, J., Jaffuel, G., and Turlings, T. C. J. 2015. Enhanced alginate capsule properties as a formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes. BioControl 60: 527–535. doi:10.1007/s10526-014-9638-zKimJ.JaffuelG.TurlingsT. C. J.2015Enhanced alginate capsule properties as a formulation of entomopathogenic nematodesBioControl6052753510.1007/s10526-014-9638-zOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kondo, E., and Ishibashi, N. 1989. Ultrastructural characteristics of the infective juveniles of Steinernema spp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) with reference to their motility and survival. Applied Entomology and Zoology 24:103–111.KondoE.IshibashiN.1989Ultrastructural characteristics of the infective juveniles of Steinernema spp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) with reference to their motility and survivalApplied Entomology and Zoology24103111Search in Google Scholar
Leite, L. G., Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., and Hazir, S. 2018. Survival of Steinernema feltiae in different formulation substrates: Improved longevity in a mixture of gel and vermiculite. Biological Control 126:192–197194. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.05.013.LeiteL. G.Shapiro-IlanD. I.HazirS.2018Survival of Steinernema feltiae in different formulation substrates: Improved longevity in a mixture of gel and vermiculiteBiological Control12619219719410.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.05.013Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Okram, K., Bhat, A. H., and Drema, L. 2025. Biochemical, ecological and molecular characterization of Xenorhabdus anantnagensis associated with Steinernema anantnagense from India: Evaluating nematode efficacy against Helicoverpa armigera. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 45(1):121–138. doi: 10.61186/jesi.45.1.9OkramK.BhatA. H.DremaL.2025Biochemical, ecological and molecular characterization of Xenorhabdus anantnagensis associated with Steinernema anantnagense from India: Evaluating nematode efficacy against Helicoverpa armigeraJournal of Entomological Society of Iran45112113810.61186/jesi.45.1.9Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Matadamas-Ortiz, P. T., Ruiz-Vega, J., Vazquez-Feijoo, J. A., Cruz-Martínez, H., and Cortés-Martínez, C. I. 2014. Mechanical production of pellets for the application of entomopathogenic nematodes: Factors that determine survival time of Steinernema glaseri. Biocontrol Science and Technology 24:145–157.Matadamas-OrtizP. T.Ruiz-VegaJ.Vazquez-FeijooJ. A.Cruz-MartínezH.Cortés-MartínezC. I.2014Mechanical production of pellets for the application of entomopathogenic nematodes: Factors that determine survival time of Steinernema glaseriBiocontrol Science and Technology24145157Search in Google Scholar
Navon, A., Nagalakshmi, V. K., Levski, S., Salame, L., and Glazer, I. 2002. Effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematodes in an alginate gel formulation against lepidopterous pests. Biocontrol Science and Technology 12:737–746.NavonA.NagalakshmiV. K.LevskiS.SalameL.GlazerI.2002Effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematodes in an alginate gel formulation against lepidopterous pestsBiocontrol Science and Technology12737746Search in Google Scholar
Noosidum, A., Satwong, P., Chandrapatya, A., and Lewis, E. E. 2016. Efficacy of Steinernema spp. plus anti-desiccants to control two serious foliage pests of vegetable crops, Spodoptera litura F. and Plutella xylostella L. Biological Control 97:48–56.NoosidumA.SatwongP.ChandrapatyaA.LewisE. E.2016Efficacy of Steinernema spp. plus anti-desiccants to control two serious foliage pests of vegetable crops, Spodoptera litura F. and Plutella xylostella L.Biological Control974856Search in Google Scholar
Nxitywa, A., and Malan, A. P. 2021. Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of key pests of grapevine: A review. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture 42(2). doi:10.21548/42-2-4479NxitywaA.MalanA. P.2021Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of key pests of grapevine: A reviewSouth African Journal of Enology and Viticulture42210.21548/42-2-4479Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nxitywa, A., and Malan, A. P. 2023. Formulation of Steinernema yirgalemense in gel for long-term storage at room temperature. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 130(6). doi:10.1007/s41348-023-00764-2NxitywaA.MalanA. P.2023Formulation of Steinernema yirgalemense in gel for long-term storage at room temperatureJournal of Plant Diseases and Protection130610.1007/s41348-023-00764-2Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Silver, A., and Malan, A.P. 2021. Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of key pests of grapevine: A review. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture 42(2):123–135. doi: 10.21548/42-2-4479SilverA.MalanA.P.2021Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of key pests of grapevine: A reviewSouth African Journal of Enology and Viticulture42212313510.21548/42-2-4479Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Peters, A. 2016. Formulation of nematodes. Pp. 121–35 in T. R. Glare, M. E. Moran-Diez, eds. Microbial-based biopesticides: Methods and protocols, methods in molecular biology 1477. New York: Springer Science + Business Media.PetersA.2016Formulation of nematodes12135inGlareT. R.Moran-DiezM. E.eds.Microbial-based biopesticides: Methods and protocols, methods in molecular biology 1477New YorkSpringer Science + Business MediaSearch in Google Scholar
Platt, T., Stokwe, N. F., and Malan, A. P. 2019. Foliar application of Steiner++nema yirgalemense to control Planococcus ficus: Assessing adjuvants to improve efficacy. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture 40:1–7.PlattT.StokweN. F.MalanA. P.2019Foliar application of Steiner++nema yirgalemense to control Planococcus ficus: Assessing adjuvants to improve efficacySouth African Journal of Enology and Viticulture4017Search in Google Scholar
Poinar, G. O. Jr. 1979. Nematodes for biological control of insects. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.PoinarG. O.Jr.1979Nematodes for biological control of insectsBoca Raton, FLCRC PressSearch in Google Scholar
Ruiz-Vega, J., Cortés-Martínez, C. I., and García-Gutiérrez, C. 2018. Survival and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes formulated in sodium alginate beads. Journal of Nematology 50:273–280. doi:10.21307/jofnem-2018-037Ruiz-VegaJ.Cortés-MartínezC. I.García-GutiérrezC.2018Survival and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes formulated in sodium alginate beadsJournal of Nematology5027328010.21307/jofnem-2018-037Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
SAS Institute. 1989. SAS/STAT user’s guide, release 6.03. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.SAS Institute1989SAS/STAT user’s guide, release 6.03Cary, NCSAS InstituteSearch in Google Scholar
Shah, A. A., Usman, A., Khan, S., Khan, F., Ahmad, N., Al-Mekhlafi, A. A., Wadaan, M. A., Malook, S. U., Iqbal, T., Ullah, M., Sohail, K., Ali, H., and Ali, I. 2024. Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) rearing and growth optimization as a sustainable food source using various larval diets under laboratory conditions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 172(9):827–836ShahA. A.UsmanA.KhanS.KhanF.AhmadN.Al-MekhlafiA. A.WadaanM. A.MalookS. U.IqbalT.UllahM.SohailK.AliH.AliI.2024Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) rearing and growth optimization as a sustainable food source using various larval diets under laboratory conditionsEntomologia Experimentalis et Applicata1729827836Search in Google Scholar
Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Gouge, D. H., Piggott, S. J., and Fife, J. P. 2006. Application technology and environmental considerations for use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Biological Control 38:124–133.Shapiro-IlanD. I.GougeD. H.PiggottS. J.FifeJ. P.2006Application technology and environmental considerations for use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological controlBiological Control38124133Search in Google Scholar
Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Han, R., and Dolinksi, C. 2012. Entomopathogenic nematode production and application technology. Journal of Nematology 44:206–217.Shapiro-IlanD. I.HanR.DolinksiC.2012Entomopathogenic nematode production and application technologyJournal of Nematology44206217Search in Google Scholar
Silver, S. C., Dunlop, D. B., and Grove, D. I. 1995. Granular formulation of entities with improved storage stability. WIPO Patent No. WO 95/0577.SilverS. C.DunlopD. B.GroveD. I.1995Granular formulation of entities with improved storage stabilityWIPO Patent No. WO 95/0577.Search in Google Scholar
Stuart, R. J., Barbercheck, M. E., and Grewal, P. S. 2015. Entomopathogenic nematodes in the soil environment: Distributions, interactions and the influence of biotic and abiotic factors. Pp. 97–137 in R. Campos Herrera, ed. Nematode pathogenesis of insects and other pests. Dordrecht: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-18266-7_4.StuartR. J.BarbercheckM. E.GrewalP. S.2015Entomopathogenic nematodes in the soil environment: Distributions, interactions and the influence of biotic and abiotic factors97137inCampos HerreraR.ed.Nematode pathogenesis of insects and other pestsDordrechtSpringer International Publishing10.1007/978-3-319-18266-7_4Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Vemmer, M., and Patel, A. V. 2013. Review of encapsulation methods suitable for microbial biological control agents. Biological Control 67(3):380–9. doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.09.003.VemmerM.PatelA. V.2013Review of encapsulation methods suitable for microbial biological control agentsBiological Control6733809doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.09.003.Search in Google Scholar
Waweru, B. W., Kajuga, J. N., Hategekimana, A., Ndereyimana, A., Kankundiye, L., Umulisa, C., Nyombayire, A., Mutumwinka, M., Ishimwe, P., Bazagwira, D., Mukundiyabo, G. C., de Paul Bigirimana, V., Yan, X., Kiss, J., and Toepfer, S. 2025. Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes for above-ground use against tomato teaf Miner, Phthorimaea absoluta. Insect 16:189. doi.org/10.3390/insects16020189WaweruB. W.KajugaJ. N.HategekimanaA.NdereyimanaA.KankundiyeL.UmulisaC.NyombayireA.MutumwinkaM.IshimweP.BazagwiraD.MukundiyaboG. C.de Paul BigirimanaV.YanX.KissJ.ToepferS.2025Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes for above-ground use against tomato teaf Miner, Phthorimaea absolutaInsect16189doi.org/10.3390/insects16020189Search in Google Scholar
White, G. F. 1927. A method for obtaining infective nematode larvae from cultures. Science 66:302–303.WhiteG. F.1927A method for obtaining infective nematode larvae from culturesScience66302303Search in Google Scholar
Yabur, R., Bashan, Y., and Hernández-Carmona, G. 2007. Alginate from the macroalgae Sargassum sinicola as a novel source for microbial immobilization material in wastewater treatment and plant growth promotion. Journal of Applied Phycology 19:43–53.YaburR.BashanY.Hernández-CarmonaG.2007Alginate from the macroalgae Sargassum sinicola as a novel source for microbial immobilization material in wastewater treatment and plant growth promotionJournal of Applied Phycology194353Search in Google Scholar