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Waitea circinata: a novel biocontrol agent against Meloidogyne enterolobii on tomato plants

Gianlucca de Urzêda Alves

Gianlucca de Urzêda Alves

Microorganism Genetics Laboratory, Genetics Department, Biological Sciences Institute IV, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
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Alves, Gianlucca de Urzêda
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CG Felipe

CG Felipe

Microorganism Genetics Laboratory, Genetics Department, Biological Sciences Institute IV, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
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Felipe, CG
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RF Denner

RF Denner

Nematology Laboratory, Agronomy School, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
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Denner, RF
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RR Mara

RR Mara

Nematology Laboratory, Agronomy School, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
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Mara, RR
 et 
GA Leila

GA Leila

Microorganism Genetics Laboratory, Genetics Department, Biological Sciences Institute IV, Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
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Leila, GA
  
14 mars 2025
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Catégorie d'article: Research Paper
Publié en ligne: 14 mars 2025
Reçu: 17 juin 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0002
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© 2025 Gianlucca de Urzêda Alves et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Regression analysis for the effect of W. circinata dosages on M.enterolobii nematological variables in tomato plants in experiments 1 and 2. A–C) Polynomial regression curves fitted to the means of the final population (FP), density (DENS) and reproduction factor (RF). The data were obtained 35 DAT, and experiments 1 and 2 occurred independently between December 2022 and April 2023.
Regression analysis for the effect of W. circinata dosages on M.enterolobii nematological variables in tomato plants in experiments 1 and 2. A–C) Polynomial regression curves fitted to the means of the final population (FP), density (DENS) and reproduction factor (RF). The data were obtained 35 DAT, and experiments 1 and 2 occurred independently between December 2022 and April 2023.

Figure 2:

Peroxidase, catalase, and chitinase enzymatic activity analyzed in tomato leaves under different treatments. Negative control (Water), inoculation of 2000 J2 + M.enterolobii eggs (Me), irrigation with W. circinata mycelial suspension 15 g.L−1 (Wc), and treatment with inoculation of 2000 J2 + M.enterolobii eggs and watering of W. circinata mycelial suspension 15 g.L−1 (Wc+Me). Means followed by the same letters in columns were not significantly different according to the Tukey test (p < 0.05). Bars indicate the standard error of the mean. A) For POX, T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 0.190; SD = 0.26) and Wc (M = 0.533; SD = 0.065) on the third day; t(4) = −8.394, p = 0.001. B) For CAT, the T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 61.52; SD = 7.69) and Wc (M = 130.74; SD = 15.38) on the third day; t(4) = −6.971, p = 0.002. The T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 73.06; SD = 3.84) and Wc (M = 28.20; SD = 4.44) on the fifth day; t(4) = 13.229, p = 0.000. C) For CHI, the T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 63.01; SD = 3.11) and Wc (M = 50.39; SD = 1.51) on the third day; t(4) = 6.314, p = 0.003. The T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity (M = 36.15; SD =1.04) and Wc (M = 29.21.74; SD = 3.914) on the fifth day; t(4) = 2.970, p = 0.041.
Peroxidase, catalase, and chitinase enzymatic activity analyzed in tomato leaves under different treatments. Negative control (Water), inoculation of 2000 J2 + M.enterolobii eggs (Me), irrigation with W. circinata mycelial suspension 15 g.L−1 (Wc), and treatment with inoculation of 2000 J2 + M.enterolobii eggs and watering of W. circinata mycelial suspension 15 g.L−1 (Wc+Me). Means followed by the same letters in columns were not significantly different according to the Tukey test (p < 0.05). Bars indicate the standard error of the mean. A) For POX, T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 0.190; SD = 0.26) and Wc (M = 0.533; SD = 0.065) on the third day; t(4) = −8.394, p = 0.001. B) For CAT, the T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 61.52; SD = 7.69) and Wc (M = 130.74; SD = 15.38) on the third day; t(4) = −6.971, p = 0.002. The T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 73.06; SD = 3.84) and Wc (M = 28.20; SD = 4.44) on the fifth day; t(4) = 13.229, p = 0.000. C) For CHI, the T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity between Water (M = 63.01; SD = 3.11) and Wc (M = 50.39; SD = 1.51) on the third day; t(4) = 6.314, p = 0.003. The T-test revealed a significant difference between enzyme activity (M = 36.15; SD =1.04) and Wc (M = 29.21.74; SD = 3.914) on the fifth day; t(4) = 2.970, p = 0.041.

Figure 3:

PCA plot of individuals with confidence ellipses around treatment categories and their contribution to Principal Components.
PCA plot of individuals with confidence ellipses around treatment categories and their contribution to Principal Components.

Figure 4:

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot of enzymatic activities and collection day and their contribution to Principal Components.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot of enzymatic activities and collection day and their contribution to Principal Components.

ANOVA summary for the polynomial regression model of nematological traits based on mycorrhiza mycelial suspension_

df SS MS F Significance F
Experiment 1 PFa Regression 2 666569.667 333284.834 25.486 *0.013
Residual 3 39231.778 13077.259
Total 5 705801.446
DENSa Regression 2 223.023 111.512 26.146 *0.013
Residual 3 12.795 4.265
Total 5 235.818
FRa Regression 2 0.166 0.083 25.698 *0.013
Residual 3 0.010 0.003
Total 5 0.176
Experiment 2 PFa Regression 2 686036.548 343018.274 833.725 *0.000
Residual 3 1234.286 411.429
Total 5 687270.833
DENSa Regression 2 611.832 305.916 65.484 *0.003
Residual 3 14.015 4.672
Total 5 625.847
FRa Regression 2 0.171 0.085 888.455 *0.000
Residual 3 0.000 0.000
Total 5 0.171

Vegetative and nematological traits of the first and second trials, differentiating the application methods of W_ circinata against M_ enterolobii in the Santa Cruz Kada tomato cultivar_

Immersion Drench
Experiment Traita Mean±SD Mean±SD F p-value
1 SL (cm) 110.69 ± 20.01 107.58 ± 15.81 1.303b 0.257b
RFW(g) 40.46 ± 10.18 62.26 ± 11.69 80.338 <0.001*
SFW(g) 119.18 ± 29.73 113.88 ± 19.29 0.929 0.338
FP 1150.00 ± 677.24 1555.95 ± 1187.65 1.641b 0.208b
DENS 29.90 ± 18.09 26.06 ± 20.63 2.468b 0.120b
RF 0.57 ± 0.33 0.78 ± 0.59 1.575b 0.213b
2 SL (cm) 90.33 ± 10.11 114.10 ± 8.03 100.229b <0.001*b
RFW(g) 29.81 ± 5.77 35.90 ± 7.01 13.596 <0.001*
SFW(g) 91.96 ± 15.30 112.38 ± 7.67 53.982b <0.001*b
FP 2443.33 ± 797.27 2248.33 ± 784.38 0.939 0.337
DENS 92.00 ± 26.37 68.72 ± 23.05 14.793 <0.001*
RF 1.22 ± 0.39 1.12 ± 0.39 0.925 0.341

Analysis of variance of vegetative and nematological variables from tomato plants inoculated with M_enterolobii and treated with six concentrations of W_circinata, applied as immersion or drench (Experiments 1 and 2)_

Variation Source Dependent Variablesa Trial 1
 Trial 2
F p-value F p-value
Application Method SL(cm) 1.303b 0.257b 100.229b <0.001*b
RFW(g) 80.338 <0.001* 13.596 <0.001*
SFW(g) 0.929 0.338 53.982b <0.001*b
FP 1.641b 0.208b 0.939 0.337
DENS 2.468b 0.120b 14.793 <0.001*
RF 1.575b 0.213b 0.925 0.341
Dosage SL(cm) 0.636b 0.673b 1.110b 0.368b
RFW(g) 0.151 0.979 0.166 0.973
SFW(g) 0.906 0.482 1.318b 0.272b
FP 2.957b 0.017*b 2.263 0.063
DENS 2.355b 0.048*b 2.278 0.061
RF 2.949b 0.017*b 2.256 0.063
Method * Dosage SL(cm) 0.524b 0.757b 0.712b 0.617b
RFW(g) 1.317 0.266 1.930 0.106
SFW(g) 0.960 0.448 1.962b 0.101b
FP 0.507b 0.769b 0.138 0.982
DENS 0.506b 0.770b 1.078 0.384
RF 0.510b 0.767b 0.081 0.994

Vegetative and nematological traits of the first and second trials, differentiating the dosages of W_ circinata against M_ enterolobii in the Santa Cruz Kada tomato cultivar_

Control (Water) 5 g.L−1 10 g.L−1 15 g.L−1 20 g.L−1 25 g.L−1
Experiment Traita Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD F p-value
1 SL (cm) 101.83 ± 18.79 111.92 ± 13.39 108.64 ± 23.33 107.28 ± 23.35 112.92 ± 13.74 112.21 ± 12.68 0.636b 0.673b
RFW(g) 51.31 ± 11.16 52.84 ± 19.36 52.20 ± 17.35 50.33 ± 15.50 51.74 ± 18.11 49.75 ± 12.22 0.151 0.979
SFW(g) 110.77 ± 21.76 120.73 ± 20.72 117.25 ± 28.44 110.7 ± 27.76 112.88 ± 28.34 126.85 ± 22.37 0.906 0.482
FP 2053.57 ± 1095.70 1285.71 ± 644.33 1171.42 ± 920.43 967.85 ± 825.46* 1203.57 ± 974.37 1435.71 ± 1143.44 2.957b 0.017*b
DENS 40.59 ± 18.41 27.95 ± 17.37 26.13 ± 24.51 20.23 ± 16.33* 24.38 ± 16.26 28.60 ± 19.31 2.355b 0.048*b
RF 1.02 ± 0.54 0.64 ± 0.32 0.58 ± 0.45 0.48 ± 0.41* 0.60 ± 0.48 0.72 ± 0.57 2.949b 0.017*b
2 SL (cm) 107.8 ± 16.51 103.7 ± 16.49 101.1 ± 12.63 100.9 ± 17.16 100.3 ± 14.63 99.5 ± 14.59 1.110b 0.368b
RFW(g) 34.27 ± 8.99 33.00 ± 8.04 32.45 ± 5.94 32.10 ± 9.38 32.11 ± 5.20 33.18 ± 5.27 0.166 0.973
SFW(g) 95.77 ± 25.13 107.27 ± 11.45 106.48 ± 13.21 103.02 ± 17.83 101.01 ± 12.38 99.48 ± 11.20 1.318b 0.272b
FP 3015 ± 768.49 2470 ± 825.69 2120 ± 753.58 2035 ± 502.24 2070 ± 727.70 2365 ± 841.64 2.263 0.063
DENS 95.046 ± 33.35 79.43 ± 21.00 72.47 ± 23.12 67.94 ± 27.72 74.39 ± 27.22 92.90 ± 23.75 2.278 0.061
RF 1.50 ± 0.38 1.23 ± 0.41 1.06 ± 0.37 1.02 ± 0.25 1.03 ± 0.36 1.18 ± 0.42 2.256 0.063

Effect of W_ circinata on nematological variables in tomato plants inoculated with M_ enterolobii at 35 days after inoculation_

Treatment FPa DENSa RFa
Me 2944 ± 668,3 114,43 ± 28,67 1,47 ± 0,33
Wc+Me 850 ± 463,1* 26,38 ± 15,41* 0,425 ± 0,23*
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