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Effects of Grass-Based Crop Rotation, Nematicide, and Irrigation on the Nematode Community in Cotton

Lesley A. Schumacher
Lesley A. Schumacher
, 
Zane J. Grabau
Zane J. Grabau
, 
David L. Wright
David L. Wright
, 
Ian M. Small
Ian M. Small
 et 
Hui-Ling Liao
Hui-Ling Liao
   | 29 oct. 2022
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Article Category: Research Paper
Publié en ligne: 29 oct. 2022
Pages: -
Reçu: 30 juin 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2022-0046
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© 2022 Schumacher et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Fungivore (left) and bacterivore (right) population density (nematodes/100 cm3 soil) in midseason 2017 soil samples. CS is the cotton phase of the sod-based rotation, C1 is first-year conventional cotton, and C2 is second-year conventional cotton. Without Nematicide and With Nematicide refer to absence or presence of fluopyram, respectively. Different letters denote significant differences between nematicide treatments within crop phase (Fisher’s LSD, P ≤ 0.05). LSD, least significant difference.
Fungivore (left) and bacterivore (right) population density (nematodes/100 cm3 soil) in midseason 2017 soil samples. CS is the cotton phase of the sod-based rotation, C1 is first-year conventional cotton, and C2 is second-year conventional cotton. Without Nematicide and With Nematicide refer to absence or presence of fluopyram, respectively. Different letters denote significant differences between nematicide treatments within crop phase (Fisher’s LSD, P ≤ 0.05). LSD, least significant difference.

Figure 2

Bacterivore population density (nematodes/100 cm3 soil) in harvest 2018 (right) soil samples. CS is the cotton phase of the sod-based rotation, C1 is first-year conventional cotton, and C2 is second-year conventional cotton. Without Nematicide and With Nematicide refer to absence or presence of fluopyram, respectively. Different letters denote significant differences between nematicide treatments within crop phase (Fisher’s LSD, P ≤ 0.05). LSD, least significant difference.
Bacterivore population density (nematodes/100 cm3 soil) in harvest 2018 (right) soil samples. CS is the cotton phase of the sod-based rotation, C1 is first-year conventional cotton, and C2 is second-year conventional cotton. Without Nematicide and With Nematicide refer to absence or presence of fluopyram, respectively. Different letters denote significant differences between nematicide treatments within crop phase (Fisher’s LSD, P ≤ 0.05). LSD, least significant difference.

Figure 3

Omnivore population density (nematodes/100 cm3 soil) in harvest 2018 soil samples. CS is the cotton phase of the sod-based rotation, C1 is first-year conventional cotton, and C2 is second-year conventional cotton. Without Nematicide and With Nematicide refer to absence or presence of fluopyram, respectively. * indicates significant nematicide effect within the given crop (Fisher’s LSD, P ≤ 0.05). LSD, least significant difference.
Omnivore population density (nematodes/100 cm3 soil) in harvest 2018 soil samples. CS is the cotton phase of the sod-based rotation, C1 is first-year conventional cotton, and C2 is second-year conventional cotton. Without Nematicide and With Nematicide refer to absence or presence of fluopyram, respectively. * indicates significant nematicide effect within the given crop (Fisher’s LSD, P ≤ 0.05). LSD, least significant difference.

Figure 4

Basal Index (left) and EI (right) based on midseason 2018 soil samples. CS is the cotton phase of the sod-based rotation, C1 is first-year conventional cotton, and C2 is second-year conventional cotton. Without Nematicide and With Nematicide refer to absence or presence of fluopyram, respectively. Different letters denote significant differences between nematicide treatments within crop phase (Fisher’s LSD, P ≤ 0.05). EI, Enrichment Index; LSD, least significant difference.
Basal Index (left) and EI (right) based on midseason 2018 soil samples. CS is the cotton phase of the sod-based rotation, C1 is first-year conventional cotton, and C2 is second-year conventional cotton. Without Nematicide and With Nematicide refer to absence or presence of fluopyram, respectively. Different letters denote significant differences between nematicide treatments within crop phase (Fisher’s LSD, P ≤ 0.05). EI, Enrichment Index; LSD, least significant difference.

Figure 5

Maturity Index (left) and SI (right) based on harvest 2018 soil samples. CS is the cotton phase of the sod-based rotation, C1 is first-year conventional cotton, and C2 is second-year conventional cotton. Without Nematicide and With Nematicide refer to absence or presence of fluopyram, respectively. Different letters denote significant differences between nematicide treatments within crop phase (Fisher’s LSD, P ≤ 0.05). LSD, least significant difference; SI, Structure Index.
Maturity Index (left) and SI (right) based on harvest 2018 soil samples. CS is the cotton phase of the sod-based rotation, C1 is first-year conventional cotton, and C2 is second-year conventional cotton. Without Nematicide and With Nematicide refer to absence or presence of fluopyram, respectively. Different letters denote significant differences between nematicide treatments within crop phase (Fisher’s LSD, P ≤ 0.05). LSD, least significant difference; SI, Structure Index.

Effects of irrigation, crop phase, and nematicide application on fungivore population density in 2017 and 2018.

2017
 2018
Pix Pm Pf Pi Pm Pf
Irrigation
Irrigated 189a 150 131 236 172 256
Rainfed 103b 140 142 254 176 240
Crop phasey
CS 224A 178 79B 286 153 220
C1 104B 129 81B 221 182 244
C2 110B 129 249A 228 186 281
Nematicide
Without fluopyram 147 141 132 259 140 270
With fluopyram 144 149 141 231 208 226
ANOVA (P-values)
Irrigation (I) 0.04* 0.85 0.20 0.42 0.91 0.51
Crop (C) 0.02* 0.33 <0.01** 0.50 0.75 0.84
I × C 0.48 0.26 0.45 0.32 0.63 0.96
Nematicide (N) 0.94 0.66 0.75 0.38 0.08 0.11
I × N 0.77 0.14 0.71 0.43 0.40 0.13
C × N 0.93 <0.01** 0.86 0.79 0.64 0.37
I × C × N 0.95 0.06 0.44 0.68 0.86 0.85

Effects of irrigation, crop phase, and nematicide application on MI in 2017 and 2018.

2017
 2018
Pix Pm Pf Pi Pm Pf
Irrigation
Irrigated 1.84 2.23 2.33 2.09 2.19 2.25
Rainfed 1.71 2.17 2.24 2.13 2.21 2.08
Crop phasey
CS 1.71 2.09 2.46 2.02 2.21 2.09
C1 1.73 2.27 2.45 2.17 2.19 2.24
C2 1.88 2.23 1.97 2.13 2.20 2.16
Nematicide
Without fluopyram 1.77 2.25 2.31 2.12 2.26a 2.27a
With fluopyram 1.78 2.15 2.25 2.09 2.14b 2.06b
ANOVA (P-values)
Irrigation (I) 0.17 0.07 0.06 0.75 0.44 0.16
Crop (C) I × C 0.23 0.84 0.07 0.91 0.16 0.90 0.25 0.73 0.95 0.59 0.58 0.81
Nematicide (N) 0.84 0.31 0.93 0.41 0.02* <0.01**
I × N 0.67 0.83 0.08 0.27 0.77 0.35
C × N 0.45 0.28 0.61 0.08 0.30 0.01**
I × C × N 0.14 0.80 0.64 0.17 0.61 0.22

Effects of irrigation, crop phase, and nematicide application on bacterivore population density in 2017 and 2018.

2017
 2018
Pix Pm Pf Pi Pm Pf
Irrigation
Irrigated 730 387 151 726 525 314
Rainfed 602 430 196 898 608 516
Crop phasey
CS 798 431 84B 824 518 355
C1 692 333 70B 808 505 432
C2 507 461 367A 804 675 458
Nematicide
Without fluopyram 718 433 176 828 538 414
With fluopyram 614 383 172 797 595 416
ANOVA (P-values)
Irrigation (I) 0.35 0.41 0.23 0.37 0.23 0.13
Crop (C) 0.39 0.34 <0.01** 0.99 0.55 0.72
I × C 0.78 0.15 0.23 0.36 0.27 0.31
Nematicide (N) 0.14 0.27 0.93 0.80 0.55 0.98
I × N 0.21 0.67 0.79 0.29 0.86 0.13
C × N 0.31 0.02* 0.62 0.94 0.36 0.03
I × C × N 0.07 0.90 0.38 0.71 0.24 0.51

Effects of irrigation, crop phase, and nematicide application on omnivore population density in 2017 and 2018.

2017
 2018
Pix Pm Pf Pi Pm Pf
Irrigation
Irrigated 19 76a 18 55 58 58
Rainfed 14 60b 12 64 50 45
Crop phasey
CS 22 58 23 44 63 25
C1 22 84 9 73 38 59
C2 5 62 13 62 61 69
Nematicide
Without fluopyram 17 87 17 80a 71a 84a
With fluopyram 15 48 13 39b 37b 19b
ANOVA (P-values)
Irrigation (I) 0.59 0.04* 0.30 0.86 0.45 0.11
Crop (C) 0.18 0.67 0.17 0.63 0.59 0.53
I × C 0.40 0.97 0.63 0.35 0.73 0.91
Nematicide (N) 0.72 0.07 0.40 0.04* <0.01** <0.01**
I × N 0.12 0.74 0.06 0.66 0.25 0.74
C × N 0.66 0.38 0.27 0.18 0.43 <0.01**
I × C × N 0.02 0.48 0.70 0.61 0.97 0.43

Effects of irrigation, crop phase, and nematicide application on BI in 2017 and 2018.

2017
 2018
Pix Pm Pf Pi Pm Pf
Irrigation
Irrigated 30 28b 38 35 37 36
Rainfed 26 33a 43 42 42 43
Crop phasey
CS 22B 25 32 37 35 41
C1 21B 28 40 35 38 40
C2 41A 38 50 44 46 37
Nematicide
Without fluopyram 25 30 38 36 39 37
With fluopyram 31 30 44 41 40 42
ANOVA (P-values)
Irrigation (I) 0.32 0.05* 0.62 0.28 0.31 0.44
Crop (C) 0.03* 0.11 0.16 0.40 0.30 0.85
I × C 0.66 0.85 0.66 0.22 0.90 0.98
Nematicide (N) 0.15 0.98 0.29 0.25 0.84 0.34
I × N 0.69 0.87 0.15 0.66 0.70 0.30
C × N 0.24 0.29 0.06 0.92 0.01** 0.24
I × C × N 0.35 0.55 0.46 0.37 0.65 0.84

Nematode ecological indices, c-p groups, and interpretation.

Index name Abbreviation c-p nematodesa Indication (high value)b
Maturity MI 1–5 Stable/enriched environment
Enrichment EI 1–2 Enriched environment
Structure SI 3–5 High food web complexity
Channel CI 1–2 Fungal-dominated decomposition
Basal BI 2 Stressed/degraded environment

Effects of irrigation, crop phase, and nematicide application on EI in 2017 and 2018.

2017
 2018
Pix Pm Pf Pi Pm Pf
Irrigation
Irrigated 66 56 46 53 46 48
Rainfed 71 53 43 40 38 47
Crop phasey
CS 76A 65A 45 52 47 48
C1 75A 58AB 43 47 44 44
C2 54B 40B 45 40 34 51
Nematicide
Without fluopyram 70 54 46 49 38 47
With fluopyram 67 54 43 44 45 48
ANOVA (P-values)
Irrigation (I) 0.30 0.71 0.75 0.16 0.25 0.98
Crop (C) 0.02* 0.01** 0.99 0.34 0.13 0.55
I × C 0.74 0.99 0.64 0.12 0.24 0.72
Nematicide (N) 0.40 0.98 0.61 0.32 0.07 0.72
I × N 0.77 0.88 0.88 0.51 0.92 0.51
C × N 0.43 0.91 0.38 0.63 0.02* 0.58
I × C × N 0.23 0.91 0.68 0.17 0.92 0.19
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