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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is the most widely cultivated crop under protected conditions in the world. Cucumber is a good source of minerals, vitamins, and fibers (Weng and Sun, 2011). Continuous monoculture at ideal temperature and relative humidity under polyhouse conditions favors nematodes and fungal diseases (Minuto et al., 2006; Patil et al., 2017b). Synergistic interaction between fungal pathogens and root-knot nematode causes heavy losses to the host crop (Ragozzino and D’Errico, 2012; Patil et al., 2018b). Severe damping off and nematode disease complex symptoms have been reported in cucumber-cultivating regions under polyhouse conditions (Greco and Esmenjaud, 2004; Katan, 2017; Patil et al., 2017b). Severity of damping off may vary depending on plant variety, environment, and soil texture. Soil temperature (up to 20–25oC) plays a significant role in damping off disease due to Fusarium oxysporum.
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is a highly damaging nematode under protected cultivation conditions (Koenning et al., 1999; Greco and Esmenjaud, 2004; Sharma et al., 2007; Patil, 2017a; Murungi et al., 2018). In Haryana (India), the root-knot nematode frequency of occurrence was 63.15% reported under protected conditions (Patil, 2017a). Plants infected by root-knot nematode show typical galling on roots and express symptoms similar to those caused by nitrogen deficiency (Good, 1968; Kepenekci et al., 2016). Management of Meloidogyne spp. is very difficult due to their wide host-parasitizing ability, short life cycle (within20–25 d), high reproduction potential, and sedentary endoparasitic nature (Mauchline et al., 2004). The chemicals applied to crops are not always effective, and overuse causes serious bionomic problems (Fàbrega et al., 2013). Therefore, new alternative methods have been used to manage Meloidogyne spp. and fungal pathogens in polyhouse conditions, including volatile and nonvolatile nematicides, fungicides, organic amendments, and biocontrol strategies (Timper, 2011; Abd-Elgawad and Askary, 2018). Root-knot nematode is difficult to manage with only one technique (Barker et al., 1985); therefore, integrated management approaches have good potential against this notorious pest. Excellent and extensive research work has been conducted to manage root-knot nematode and soilborne fungal pathogens affecting vegetable crops under protected conditions, including soil solarization (Kumar et al., 2019); soil fumigation (Patil et al., 2018a, 2018b); and use of organic amendments (Patil, 2017a; Patil et al., 2017c) like biocontrol agents (Collange et al., 2011; Mcsorley, 2011), neem products such as neem oil, neem cake, and neem leaves (Yadav et al., 2018, 2021); and bioagents like Paecilomyces lilacinus (Patil et al., 2021)
However, a little work has been carried out for management of the disease complex in cucumber under protected cultivation conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the integrated management strategies against M. incognita and fungal pathogens in cucumber under polyhouse conditions.
Materials and Methods
Experiments were conducted in naturally infested polyhouse with both pathogens under protected cultivation conditions (naturally ventilated polyhouse, 200 microns of transparent polyethylene sheet) on cucumber during 15 April to 19 July 2016 and 25 August to 5 December 2016 at the Department of Horticulture, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana, India (latitude: 29°10¢N, longitude: 75°46¢E, and altitude: 215.2 m). Effective treatments were selected from previous studies, where a large number of chemicals (Patil et al., 2018a; Kumar et al., 2019), organic amendments (Patil, 2017a; Patil et al., 2017c, 2018c, 2020a), and bioagents (Patil et al., 2018b, 2021) were tested, as given in Table 1.
Treatment details of integrated approaches evaluated on cucumber against root-knot nematode and Fusarium in polyhouse conditions.
S. No.
Treatments
1
Neem cake 200 g/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20% v/w
Formalin 250 ml/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20%v/w
9
Carbofuran 10 g/m2
10
Bavistin 2 g/l water
11
Control (inoculated)
Organic amendment and bioagent
A commercial bio-product containing Purpureocilliumlilacinum (1% W.P.) (CFU of 2 × 106/g) was procured from the IIHR, Bengaluru. Neem leaves were first chopped into small pieces with the help of scissors or a grinder. Neem cake and oil were procured from the local market. Products and their application details are described in Table 2.
Integrated management practices and their application methods, time, and doses used in cucumber against root-knot nematode and Fusarium in polyhouse conditions.
S. No.
Management strategies
Management method
Material used
Application methods
Time of application
Doses
1
Chemical
Fumigant
Formalin
Fumigation
20 days before sowing
30%, i.e., 250 ml/m2
Nonfumigant
Carbofuran
Soil application
Before sowing
10 g/m2
Fungicide
Bavistin
Drenching
Before sowing
2 g/l water
2
Biological
Egg-parasitic fungus
Purpureocillium lilacinum
Soil application
15 days before sowing
50 g/m2
Seed treatment
6 hours before
20 g/kg
sowing
seed
3
Cultural
Organic amendment
Neem cake
Soil application
15 days before sowing
200 g/m2
Neem leaves
Soil application
15 days before sowing
200 g/m2
Neem oil
Seed treatment
6 hours before sowing
20% v/w
4
Check
-
-
-
Untreated infested
Field preparation
Experiments were carried out in two consecutive crop seasons at the polyhouse field (sand, silt, and clay, 79.7%, 11.4%, and 9.0%, respectively) naturally infested with root-knot nematode. Meloidogyne species were identified by perineal patterns (Netscher and Taylor, 1974). Fungus isolation from infected plant roots was carried out using potato dextrose agar (PDA), and the isolated fungal species was identified as F. oxysporum on the basis of their morphological characteristics (Leslie and Summerell, 2006).
Application method
Harrowing was carried out to maintain the porosity of the field before application of various treatments.Fumigation with formalin was performed before 20 d of sowing, and other chemicals were incorporated at the sowing time. Drenching of formalin was carried out, and the soil was covered with transparent polyethene sheet (LLDP 25 mm). Carbofuran granules were directly applied by using the broadcasting method, and fungicide solution was prepared by mixing 2 g bavistin in 1 L water and drenched. Neem cake and neem leaves were applied before sowing, and seed treatment with P. lilacinum was carried out before sowing for 6 hours. After the treatment, the seeds were dried in shade for 6 hr.
Experimental design
Integrated management strategies were evaluated against M. incognita and F. oxysporum in cucumber under polyhouse conditions for two consecutive seasons. The initial nematode was 256 J2/200 cm3 and 291 J2/200 cm3 soil during the first and second seasons, respectively. A total of 33 plots (20 × 1 m2 each) was measured, and all treatments were replicated thrice in a randomized block design. Each bed acts as single replication (44 plants per replication) of the treatment. Row-to-row and plant-to-plant spacings (60 × 45 cm) were maintained. Three seeds of cucumber (cv. Sania, susceptible to both the pathogens) were sown at each place on beds, and after germination, one plant was maintained. General care and maintenance of plants were undertaken as recommended by CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Anonymous, 2016). The plants were supported by jute thread, and 0.1% azadirachtin sprays were applied to protect the crop from whitefly.
Data collection and statistical analysis
At harvesting, plant parameters such as shoot length and dry root weight were measured (five plants per plot), and the cumulative yield of cucumber has been determined by adding all picked yield. On each harvest date, marketable cucumber fruits in each plot were picked and weighed. Five subsamples were collected (15–20 cm depth) from each replication, and 200 cm3 composite sample was assessed by using Cobb’s method (Cobb, 1918), followed by modified Baermann’s funnel technique (Schindler, 1961) for estimation of final nematode populations. Second-stage juveniles (M. incognita) were counted under a binocular microscope by the dilution method (Hooper, 1986).
Fungal incidence of Fusarium was recorded from five plants per plot at 15 d and 30 d after sowing. Conferring to a 0 to 5 scale (0 = root healthy; 1 = 1–10% affected root surface (a.r.s.); 2 = 11–25% a.r.s.; 3 = 26–50% a.r.s.; 4 = 51–75% a.r.s.; and 5 ≥76% a.r.s.). Analysis of F. oxysporum infection was confirmed by isolation of the fungus. Consequently, symptomatic tissues of cucumber plants (1 mm2) were sterilized, rinsed in sterile distilled water, placed in petri dishes containing acidified PDA medium amended with sodium hypochloride (0.1%), and assessed using the following formula:
$$\text{ Disease incidence }=\frac{\text{ No}\text{. of infected plants }\times 100}{\text{ Total no}\text{. of plant assessed }}$$
All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software to determine significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatments. Means were separated and compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. Differences in mean values were considered significant when P < 0.05. All of the experiments were repeated at least two times, with similar results.
Results
Impact of combined approaches on plant growth and yield of cucumber
No phytotoxic effect was observed in formalin-treated plots. During both the seasons, significantly (P < 0.05) highest shoot length, dry shoot weight, and dry root weight of cucumber were obtained by application of formalin with neem oil seed treatment as compared to other treatments (Table 3). In the first season (Fig. 1), quantity (yield) of cucumber fruit was less in the untreated control (22.0 t/ha), while the collective yield significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced in treated plots (70.7 t/ha) (Table 3). In the second season, effects of combined methods on production variables were much more pronounced than those in the earlier season. However, an analogous trend was found in the second season experiment, and plant height (186.6 cm) was significantly greater than that in other treatment. The average yield was significantly higher (Fig. 2) with formalin and neem oil seed treatment (77.3 t/ha) than that in the untreated check (25.0 t/ ha) (Table 3). However, the cumulative fruit yield was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in all treated plots, including those treated with carbofuran and bavistin, than in the untreated control.
Figure 1
Effects of integrated management approaches on cucumber yield (ton per ha) against root-knot nematode and Fusarium in the first season in polyhouse conditions.Note: 1 = neem cake 200 g/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20% v/w; 2 = neem cake 200 g/m2 + Purpureocillium lilacinum seed treatment 20 g/kg seed; 3 = neem leaves 200 g/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20% v/w; 4 = neem leaves 200 g/m2 + P. lilacinum seed treatment 20 g/kg seed; 5 = P. lilacinum soil application 50 g/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20% v/w; 6 = P. lilacinum soil application 50 g/m2 + P. lilacinum seed treatment 20 g/kg seed; 7 = formalin 250 ml/m2 + P. lilacinum seed treatment 20 g/kg seed; 8 = formalin 250 ml/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20%v/w; 9 = carbofuran 10 g/m2; 10 = bavistin 2 g/l water; 11 = control (inoculated).
Figure 2
Effects of integrated management approaches on cucumber yield (ton per ha) against root-knot nematode and Fusarium in the second season in polyhouse conditions. Note: 1 = neem cake 200 g/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20% v/w; 2 = neem cake 200 g/m2 + Purpureocillium lilacinum seed treatment 20 g/kg seed; 3 = neem leaves 200 g/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20% v/w; 4 = neem leaves 200 g/m2 + P. lilacinum seed treatment 20 g/kg seed; 5 = P. lilacinum soil application 50 g/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20% v/w; 6 = P. lilacinum soil application 50 g/m2 + P. lilacinum seed treatment 20 g/kg seed; 7 = formalin 250 ml/m2 + P. lilacinum seed treatment 20 g/kg seed; 8 = formalin 250 ml/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20%v/w; 9 = carbofuran 10 g/m2; 10 = bavistin 2 g/l water; 11 = control (inoculated).
Effect of integrated management practices on growth and yield of cucumber against root-knot nematode and Fusarium in polyhouse conditions.
Sr. no.
Treatments
First season
Second season
Shoot length (cm)
Dry shoot weight (g)
Dry root weight (g)
Yield (t/ha)
Shoot length (cm)
Dry root weight (g)
Yield (t/ha)
1
Neem cake 200 g/ m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20% v/w
Formalin 250 ml/ m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20%v/w
186.6 g
36.7e
12.58d
70.7j
197.9i
15.67h
77.3i
9
Carbofuran 10 g/m2
177.9e,f,g
33.2d,e
10.58b,c,d
59.3h
181.7g,h
13.00g
70.3g,h
10
Bavistin 2 g/l water
128.0b
22.6b,c
6.58b
32.7a
132.0b
6.00b
33.3b
11
Control (inoculated)
107.2a
7.4a
2.58a
22.0b
107.2a
2.91a
25.0a
Note: Data are means of three replications. In each column, values with the same letters denote a nonsignificant difference (P < 0.05) according to Duncan’s test of multiple comparisons in a randomized block design.
Impact of combined approaches on nematode reproduction and fungal incidence in cucumber
Data indicated that (Table 4) during the first season (2015–2016), the final nematode population (155 J2 200 cm3 × soil-1) and galls per plant were significantly reduced with formalin and neem oil compared to untreated inoculated check. Application of formalin and neem oil seed treatment was most effective in reducing root galling, nematode population, and reproduction factor. In the second season (2016– 2017), the final nematode population and galls per plant had declined more than those in the first season. An analogous result was found in 2016–2017 experiment on nematode disease parameters such as final nematode population, gall per plants, and reproduction factor. Significantly reduced galls were observed with formalin + neem oil seed treatment, followed by formalin and P. lilacinum seed treatment, compared to untreated check.
The severity of the disease complex was reduced in the treated plots in both the seasons as compared to untreated plots at 15 d and 30 d after sowing (Table 5). Fungal incidence and root galling were severe in the untreated plots in the first crop season. In the second season of crop, a significant reduction in fungal incidence was found in formalin and neem oil seed-treated plots as compared to the untreated control (Table 5) at 15 d and 30 d after sowing. The reduced galling echoed a decrease in fungal disease incidence recorded in the second season of cucumber. Fungal incidence was significantly lowest in both the seasons wherever formalin and neem oil seed treatment was applied, followed by formalin and P. lilacinum seed treatment, as compared to untreated inoculated check.
Effect of integrated management practices on the nematode population on cucumber infested with root-knot nematode and Fusarium under polyhouse conditions.
Sr.No.
Treatments
First season
Second season
Egg masses per plant
Galls per plant
Final nematode population 200 cm3 soil-1
Reproduction factor
Egg masses per plant
Galls per plant
Final nematode population 200 cm3 soil-1
Reproduction factor
1
Neem cake 200 g/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20% v/w
Formalin 250 ml/ m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20%v/w
48a
60a
155a
0.5
32a
53a
141a
0.5
9
Carbofuran 10 g/m2
145c
185c
218c
0.7
126d
180c
214d
0.8
10
Bavistin 2 g/l water
456h
485i
718i
2.4
446i
482i
696i
2.7
11
Control (inoculated)
553i
570i
890i
3.0
560i
594i
902i
3.5
Note: Data are means of three replications. In each column, values with the same letters denote a nonsignificant difference (P < 0.05) according to Duncan’s test of multiple comparisons in a randomized block design.
Effect of integrated management practices on fungal incidence on cucumber infested with root-knot nematode and Fusarium under polyhouse conditions.
Sr. No.
Treatments
Percent fungal incidence
First season
Second season
15 d after
30 d after
15 d after
30 d after
sowing
sowing
sowing
sowing
1
Neem cake 200 g/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20% v/w
Formalin 250 ml/m2 + neem oil seed treatment 20%v/w
1a
1a
14a
1a
9
Carbofuran 10 g/m2
27b,c
33d
33a
53e
10
Bavistin 2 g/l water
33b,c
40c,d
33a
40d,e
11
Control (inoculated)
47c
80e
40a
93f
Note: Data are means of three replications. In each column, values with the same letters denote a nonsignificant difference (P < 0.05) according to Duncan’s test of multiple comparisons in a randomized block design.
Discussion
Root-knot nematodes and soilborne fungi are the main constraints in the production of vegetable crops under polyhouse conditions including cucumber throughout India, with few effective control methods available (Collange et al., 2011; Jones, 2017). Therefore, it is imperative requirement toward discovery actual and economically practicable fumigant nematicides for management of M. incognita and soilborne fungi. In this experiment, we demonstrated that integrated use of formalin and seed treatment with neem oil was highly effective against M. incognita and soilborne fungi and significantly enhanced cucumber yield. Application of formalin and neem oil seed treatment suppressed the nematode population and reproduction rate of M. incognita during both the seasons, and neem oil was also helpful in enhancing the germination percentage. Similar findings were reported by Kumar et al. (2019), and Patil et al. (2020a). Combined application of formalin and seed treatment with neem oil suppressed soilborne fungal infection in cucumber during both the seasons. After the formalin treatment, soil was quickly covered with polythene sheet (LLDP); this was very helpful in enhancing the efficacy of formalin in the form of fumes. The covered polythene sheet was highly beneficial in modification of physicochemical and biological properties like increasing the availability of mineral nutrients and soluble organic matter, which affects soil microflora and fauna (Mola et al., 2021).
Damage caused by M. incognita along with F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum has adverse effects on production of cucumber in polyhouse conditions, causing significant monetary losses to polyhouse farmers (Koenning et al., 1999; Patil et al., 2017b). This is possibly because juveniles of root-knot nematode puncture the roots, through fungal penetration. The achievements also concord with previous studies (Stephan et al., 1998; Meher et al., 2010; Patil et al., 2018c; Kumar et al., 2019), which showed that fumigants were effective in reducing nematode populations and significantly increased the growth and yield of vegetables. Based on our findings, integrated management practices, that is, formalin along with neem oil seed treatment, have been reported to enhance cucumber yield, decline in fungal incidence, and significantly reduce the nematode population. This practice could be highly beneficial to farmers for the vegetable production under polyhouse cultivation conditions. These findings concur with previous studies (Akhtar and Malik, 2000; Collange et al., 2011; Faruk et al., 2011; Katan, 2017) which reported that integrated management has been used to manage M. incognita and fungal disease complex in vegetable crops. Fumigation and seed treatment with organic oils have been widely suggested to control soilborne pathogens by various researchers (Moubark and Abdel-Monaim, 2011; Radwan et al., 2012; Patil et al., 2018c, 2020a; Kumar et al., 2019). Nevertheless, information on the integrated management of both the pathogens under polyhouse conditions on cucumber growth and fruit yield is limited in India. Neem oil may have enhanced beneficial microbial activity, resulting in a significant improvement of the soil profile and germination percentage of cucumber seeds (Patil et al., 2020a).
In polyhouse trials, our findings also coincide with the study by Stephan et al. (1998) who stated that the organic amendments applied to chemicals reduced nematode reproduction in tomato and eggplant. The disease complex was minimum wherever soil was subjected to formalin and neem oil seed treatment, followed by application of formalin with P. lilacinum. These findings are in agreement with Akhtar et al. (2005), Patil (2017b), Mishra et al. (2017), and Patil et al. (2021) which showed that integration of fumigants along with organic oil reduced the disease complex severity than individual application of carbofuran and bavistin. Integration of neem oil with other approaches has been useful in increasing microbial activity of the soil and suppressing fungus and nematode reproduction (Oka et al., 2007; Oka, 2010; Moosavi, 2020). Biofumigation of neem leaves and brassica leaves was also found to increase the soil microflora and fauna activity and reduce the root-knot nematode population (Yadav et al., 2018; Patil et al., 2020b). During the first crop season, yield and growth of the cucumber were less than those in the second season due to the seasonal effect. The integrated use of fumigants and seed treatment with neem oil used in present investigation ensured suppressive effects on nematode and fungus. Although the use of formalin and organic oil enhanced the cucumber yield over control, the crop was infected by root-knot nematode and soilborne fungi. These integrated management strategies have been taken into deliberation by polyhouse growers for vegetables.
