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Output Current Error (Magnitude and Phase) for different Loads (at 100 kHz).
Case
Load [kΩ]
Magnitude [%]
Phase [°]
Case 1
0.0
0.62
−0.36
1.0
1.13
−0.65
2.0
1.63
−0.93
Optimized 1
0.0
0.52
−0.30
1.0
0.55
−0.31
2.0
0.57
−0.33
Optimized 2
0.0
0.56
−0.32
1.0
0.99
−0.57
2.0
1.42
−0.81
Electrical parameters required for designing the Howland current source.
Transconductance (Gp)
303.03 μS
Frequency Range
10 Hz - 1.2 MHz
Maximum Load (Rlmax)
2.0 kΩ
Supply Voltage (Vsat)
± 5.0 V
Input Voltage (Vin)
1.65 V
Operational Amplifier
AD825
Output Current Error (Magnitude and Phase) for different Loads (at 1.2 MHz).
Case
Load [kΩ]
Magnitude [%]
Phase [°]
Case 1
0.0
7.55
−4.32
1.0
13.50
−7.75
2.0
19.33
−11.14
Optimized 1
0.0
6.39
−3.67
1.0
6.91
−3.82
2.0
7.53
−4.01
Optimized 2
0.0
6.78
−3.87
1.0
11.95
−6.84
2.0
17.10
−9.81
Monte Carlo simulation results (at 1.2 MHz), showing the mean output impedance (μ), standard deviation (σ) and the coefficient of variation (CV) of each case over 10000 runs using 0.05% tolerance resistors.