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Personality traits and select socio-demographic variables as predictors of military morale: longitudinal research in the Estonian defence forces

Antek Kasemaa
Antek Kasemaa
 et 
Ülle Säälik
Ülle Säälik
   | 30 avr. 2021
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Article Category: Original Study
Publié en ligne: 30 avr. 2021
Pages: 22 - 37
Reçu: 01 juin 2020
Accepté: 08 mars 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jms-2021-0003
Mots clés
© 2021 Antek Kasemaa et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Means, standard deviations and correlations (Spearman's ρ) of the Big Five personality traits and military morale at three different time points

Variable m SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time 1 (n = 347)
1. Openness 3.41 0.48 (0.75)
2. Conscientiousness 3.12 0.47 0.13* (0.77)
3. Extraversion 3.15 0.64 0.31** 0.03 (0.88)
4. Agreeableness 3.66 0.41 0.25** 0.29** 0.14** (0.80)
5. Neuroticism 2.19 0.57 −0.21** −0.32** −0.17** −0.30** (0.87)
6. DMorale1 (SUM)2 3.37 0.64 0.01 0.17** 0.17** 0.18** −0.22** (0.67)
7. DMorale (individual)3 3.56 0.79 0.14** 0.35** 0.21** 0.16** −0.33** 0.64** (−)
8. DMorale (collective) 3.27 0.77 −0.04 0.04 0.11* 0.15** −0.09 0.91** 0.29** (0.81)
Time 2 (n = 1,298)5
6. DMorale (SUM)4 3.11 0.83 −0.01 0.19** 0.23** 0.07 −0.16* (0.85)
7. DMorale (individual)3 3.23 1.04 0.02 0.20** 0.15* 0.06 −0.14 0.74** (−)
8. DMorale (collective) 3.08 0.87 −0.02 0.16* 0.24** 0.08 −0.14* 0.96** 0.54** (0.83)
Time 3 (n = 1,044)6
6. DMorale (SUM)4 3.32 0.86 0.05 0.21** 0.19* 0.15 −0.12 (0.82)
7. DMorale (individual)3 3.48 1.02 −0.01 0.26** 0.15 0.12 −0.08 0.77** (−)
8. DMorale (collective) 3.29 0.90 0.07 0.18* 0.18* 0.14 −0.12 0.97** 0.61** (0.81)

The results of binary logistic regression, predicting individual and collective types of military morale (DV) at Time 3 by personality and socio-demographic variables (IVs)

Predictor (IV) B SE Wald's χ2 df p Exp(B) 95% CI for Exp(B)
Lower Upper
Time 3: Individual morale (DV), n = 1,236
Position na na 8.356 2 0.015 na na na
Position (1) 0.355 0.165 4.636 1 0.031 1.426 1.032 1.971
Position (2) 0.569 0.269 4.487 1 0.034 1.767 1.043 2.993
Constant 0.124 0.064 3.765 1 0.052 1.132 na na
χ2 df p
Likelihood ratio test 8.580 2 0.014
Hosmer and Lemeshow 0.000 1 1.000
R2 = 0.005 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.007 (Cox and Snell), 0.009 (Nagelkerke)
Time 3: Collective morale (DV), n = 1,113
Education na na 5.328 2 0.070 na na na
Education (1) −0.284 0.194 2.141 1 0.143 0.753 0.515 1.101
Education (2) −0.583 0.253 5.318 1 0.021 0.558 0.340 0.916
Place of residence na na 9.788 4 0.044 na na na
Place of residence (1) −0.275 0.198 1.934 1 0.164 0.760 0.516 1.119
Place of residence (2) −0.345 0.197 3.073 1 0.080 0.708 0.481 1.042
Place of residence (3) −0.213 0.278 0.588 1 0.443 0.808 0.468 1.394
Place of residence (4) −0.493 0.160 9.541 1 0.002 0.611 0.447 0.835
Constant 0.853 0.213 16.042 1 0.000 2.346 na na
χ2 df p
Likelihood ratio test 15.870 6 0.014
Hosmer and Lemeshow 1.233 5 0.942
R2 = 0.010 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.014 (Cox and Snell), 0.019 (Nagelkerke)

The results of binary logistic regression, predicting individual and collective types of military morale (DV1) at Time 1 by personality and socio-demographic variables (IVs2)

Predictor (IV2) B SE Wald's χ2 df p Exp(B) 95% CI for Exp(B)
Lower Upper
Time 1: Individual morale (DV1), n = 317
Openness 0.024 0.289 0.007 1 0.934 1.024 0.582 1.803
Consciousness 1.081 0.294 13.553 1 0.000 2.949 1.658 5.244
Extraversion 0.674 0.207 10.592 1 0.001 1.962 1.307 2.944
Agreeableness 0.284 0.322 0.782 1 0.377 1.329 0.707 2.497
Neuroticism −0.758 0.259 8.585 1 0.003 0.486 0.282 0.778
Constant −4.584 1.890 5.879 1 0.015 0.010 na na
χ2 df p
Likelihood ratio test 54.049 5 0.000
Hosmer and Lemeshow 11.892 8 0.156
R2 = 0.125 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.157 (Cox and Snell), 0.211 (Nagelkerke)
Time 1: Collective morale (DV1), n = 281
Openness −0.582 0.295 3.885 1 0.049 0.559 0.313 0.997
Consciousness −0.103 0.284 0.132 1 0.716 0.902 0.517 1.575
Extraversion 0.209 0.202 1.065 1 0.302 1.232 0.829 1.832
Agreeableness 0.781 0.337 5.363 1 0.021 2.183 1.127 4.226
Neuroticism −0.339 0.261 1.687 1 0.194 0.712 0.427 1.189
Language 1.231 0.602 4.187 1 0.041 3.426 1.053 11.144
Education na na 6.356 2 0.042 na na na
Education (1) 0.440 1.464 0.090 1 0.764 1.552 0.088 27.335
Education (2) 0.430 1.492 0.083 1 0.773 0.651 0.035 12.107
Constant −0.910 2.423 0.141 1 0.707 0.402 na na
χ2 df p
Likelihood ratio test 20.442 8 0.009
Hosmer and Lemeshow 8.448 8 0.391
R2 = 0.053 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.070 (Cox and Snell), 0.094 (Nagelkerke)

Socio-demographic characteristics of research samples

Variable Wave 1 (n = 359) Wave 2 (n = 1,354) Wave 3 (n = 1,236)
Gender
  Female 4 14 14
  Male 355 1,327 1,115
Language
  Estonian 329 1,212 1,018
  Russian 27 128 95
  Others – 8 8
  Missing 3 6 115
Education
  Basic 2 159 135
  Secondary 255 1,002 853
  Higher 57 162 130
  Missing 45 31 118
Place of residence
  Countryside 149 519 466
  Small town 90 299 247
  Major town 118 511 417
  Missing 2 25 106
Age
  Mean 21.37 21.53 21.62
  SD 1.56 1.57 1.59
  Minimum 18 18 18
  Maximum 27 27 28
  Missing 1 11 110
Training unit1
  Unit 1 238 498 429
  Unit 2 8 211 177
  Unit 3 4 97 88
  Unit 4 88 154 181
  Unit 5 – 145 155
  Unit 6 – 77 92
  Unit 7 – 62 111
  Unit 8 – 74 –
  Missing 21 36 3
Position
  Soldiers 359 1,133 987
  NCOs – 199 183
  Reserve officers – 22 66
Student
  Yes 58 409 230
  No 127 824 500
  Missing 174 121 506

Cohen's d values used to compare the mean differences

Variable Mean difference d/g CI CLES
1. DMorale1 (IND)2: Time 1 → Time 2 −0.33 −0.333 [−0.449, −0.216] 0.593
2. DMorale (IND): Time1 → Time 3 −0.08 −0.082 [−0.199, 0.035] 0.523
3. DMorale (IND): Time 2 → Time 3 0.25 0.243 [0.167, 0.319] 0.568
1. DMorale (COL)3: Time 1 → Time 2 −0.15 −0.176 [−0.292, −0.059] 0.549
2. DMorale (COL): Time1 → Time 3 0.055 0.064 [−0.053, 0.181] 0.518
3. DMorale (COL): Time 2 → Time 3 0.205 0.234 [0.158, 0.31] 0.566
1. DMorale (SUM): Time 1 → Time 2 −0.219 −0.276 [−0.392, −0.16] 0.577
2. DMorale (SUM): Time1 → Time 3 −0.003 −0.003 [−0.12, 0.114] 0.501
3. DMorale (SUM): Time 2 → Time 3 0.217 0.259 [0.183, 0.336] 0.573

The results of binary logistic regression, predicting individual and collective types of military morale (DV) at Time 2 by personality and socio-demographic variables (IVs)

Predictor (IV) B SE Wald's χ2 df p Exp(B) 95% CI for Exp(B)
Lower Upper
Time 2: Individual morale (DV), n = 1,227
Age −0.072 0.037 3.792 1 0.051 0.930 0.865 1.000
Position na na 5.917 2 0.052 na na na
Position (1) 0.382 0.159 5.741 1 0.017 1.465 1.072 2.003
Position (2) −0.124 0.442 0.079 1 0.778 0.883 0.372 2.099
Status of student 0.307 0.124 6.145 1 0.013 1.360 1.066 1.734
Constant 1.064 0.809 1.728 1 0.189 2.897 na na
χ2 df p
Likelihood ratio test 16.120 4 0.003
Hosmer and Lemeshow 15.090 7 0.35
R2 = 0.010 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.013 (Cox and Snell), 0.017 (Nagelkerke)
Time 2: Collective morale (DV), n = 1,219
Status of student 0.338 0.128 6.971 1 0.008 1.402 1.091 1.801
Education na na 9.459 2 0.009 na na na
Education (1) −0.350 0.192 3.322 1 0.068 0.705 0.484 1.027
Education (2) −0.760 0.249 9.323 1 0.002 0.468 0.287 0.762
Position na na 11.598 2 0.003 na na na
Position (1) 0.138 0.160 0.742 1 0.389 1.148 0.839 1.572
Position (2) 2.098 0.630 11.087 1 0.001 8.147 2.370 28.004
Constant 0.011 0.215 0.003 1 0.958 1.011 na na
χ2 df p
Likelihood ratio test 35.604 5 0.000
Hosmer and Lemeshow 0.799 4 0.939
R2 = 0.022 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.029 (Cox and Snell) 0.038 (Nagelkerke)
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