Elementary design and analysis of QCA-based T-flipflop for nanocomputing

This work presents a new T-flipflop design based on quantum-dot cellular automata technology, with the standard two inputs (T and clock) and two outputs (Q and Q̄). It adheres to the typical QCA layout design approach, which consists of two majority voters and one inverter (to produce the complementary output, Q̄). It is a single-layered design with no crossover. A memory loop is used to retain previous values and aid the toggling operation of the T-flipflop. This design achieves improved functionality and reduced area requirement compared to existing designs. In addition, the study investigated energy loss and cost functions. In particular, the total energy loss is reduced by 10% and 22% compared to the best design when analyzed with the QCAPro and QCADesigner-E (QDE) tools, respectively. The area-delay and energy-delay cost functions outperform the best current design by 1.3 and 1.07 times, respectively. Overall, this work advances QCA-based flipflop (QTFF) designs and emphasizes the potential of QCA technology for creating effective QCA circuits.