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Relationships between Flower Opening Time, Environmental Conditions, Corolla Opening Size and Nectar Production in Five Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Cultivars in China

Ran Liu

Ran Liu

College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesTaigu,
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Liu, Ran
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Zhijun Wei

Zhijun Wei

College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural UniversityTaigu, China
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Wei, Zhijun
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Cheng Liang

Cheng Liang

Sericulture and Apiculture Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesMengzi, China
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Liang, Cheng
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Yongquan Huang

Yongquan Huang

Luoping County Beekeeping Management StationLuoping, China
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Huang, Yongquan
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Guiling Ding

Guiling Ding

State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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Ding, Guiling
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Yusuo Jiang

Yusuo Jiang

College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural UniversityTaigu, China
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Jiang, Yusuo
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Jiaxing Huang

Jiaxing Huang

State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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Huang, Jiaxing
  
30 juin 2023
Relationships between Flower Opening Time, Environmental Conditions, Corolla Opening Size and Nectar Production in Five Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Cultivars in China's Cover Image
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Catégorie d'article: Original Article
Publié en ligne: 30 juin 2023
Pages: 57 - 72
Reçu: 02 janv. 2023
Accepté: 04 avr. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2023-0005
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© 2023 Ran Liu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Corolla opening size, nectar volume and nectar sugar concentration throughout the lifetime of a flower in the five oilseed rape cultivars. A, C & E: flower buds that were bagged at 18:00 and that opened before 9:00 the next morning, B, D & F: flower buds that were bagged at 9:00 and that opened at 11:00.Data are presented as the means±standard errors.
Corolla opening size, nectar volume and nectar sugar concentration throughout the lifetime of a flower in the five oilseed rape cultivars. A, C & E: flower buds that were bagged at 18:00 and that opened before 9:00 the next morning, B, D & F: flower buds that were bagged at 9:00 and that opened at 11:00.Data are presented as the means±standard errors.

Fig. 2.

Daily nectar volume and daily nectar sugar concentration in the five oilseed rape cultivars on different flowering days. A & C: flower buds that were bagged at 18:00 and opened before 9:00 the next morning, B & D: flower buds that were bagged at 9:00 and opened at 11:00. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among cultivars on the same flowering day (Kruskal-Wallis test or one-way ANOVA, p<0.05). Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different flowering days for the same cultivar (Mann-Whitney U test, independent samples t test or Kruskal-Wallis test; p<0.05).
Daily nectar volume and daily nectar sugar concentration in the five oilseed rape cultivars on different flowering days. A & C: flower buds that were bagged at 18:00 and opened before 9:00 the next morning, B & D: flower buds that were bagged at 9:00 and opened at 11:00. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among cultivars on the same flowering day (Kruskal-Wallis test or one-way ANOVA, p<0.05). Different capital letters indicate significant differences among different flowering days for the same cultivar (Mann-Whitney U test, independent samples t test or Kruskal-Wallis test; p<0.05).

Fig. 3.

Total nectar yield and average nectar sugar concentration in the five oilseed rape cultivars. Group A: flower buds that were bagged at 18:00 and opened before 9:00 the next morning, Group B: flower buds that were bagged at 9:00 and opened at 11:00. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among cultivars for the flowers opening at the same time (Kruskal-Wallis test or one-way ANOVA, p<0.05). Different capital letters indicate significant differences between flowers of the same cultivar that opened at different times (Mann-Whitney U test or independent samples t test; p<0.05).
Total nectar yield and average nectar sugar concentration in the five oilseed rape cultivars. Group A: flower buds that were bagged at 18:00 and opened before 9:00 the next morning, Group B: flower buds that were bagged at 9:00 and opened at 11:00. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among cultivars for the flowers opening at the same time (Kruskal-Wallis test or one-way ANOVA, p<0.05). Different capital letters indicate significant differences between flowers of the same cultivar that opened at different times (Mann-Whitney U test or independent samples t test; p<0.05).

Fig. 4.

The relationships of nectar volume (A) and nectar sugar concentration (B) with corolla opening size.
The relationships of nectar volume (A) and nectar sugar concentration (B) with corolla opening size.

Nectar secretion volume (μL) and nectar sugar concentration (%, wt_/total wt_) in the five oilseed rape cultivars at the bud stage

Cultivar Number of flower buds Percentage of buds secreting nectar (%) Nectar volume (μL) Nectar sugar concentration (%)
Aiyouwang 12 33.3a 0.724±0.355a 11.8±0.4ab
Ningde 21 12 75.0a 0.330±0.169a 10.3±0.9ab
Dehuiyou 11 63.6a 0.252±0.092a 7.7±2.3b
Hengheyou 998 10 30.0a 0.247±0.020a 15.5±1.5a
Huayou 15 53.3a 0.353±0.115a 10.5±0.4ab

The nectar sugar composition (g/100 mL) in the five oilseed rape cultivars

Cultivar Glucose Fructose G/F
Aiyouwang 17.22±2.53 20.08±3.03 0.89±0.09
Ningde 21 20.30±2.81 18.40±2.84 1.30±0.29
Dehuiyou 12.69±2.26 15.20±2.81 0.96±0.17
Hengheyou 998 17.56±1.31 16.52±3.69 1.44±0.38
Huayou 14.66±2.66 15.11±2.81 1.04±0.19

Linear regression of environmental parameters correlated with oilseed rape flower nectar production

Cultivar Coefficients Estimate Std. error t value p value Model fit (adjusted R2)
Nectar volume Aiyouwang % Relative humidity 0.007 0.002 2.908 0.004 0.016
Dehuiyou % Relative humidity 0.014 0.004 3.753 <0.001 0.025
Air temperature 0.036 0.013 2.774 0.006
Hengheyou 998 % Relative humidity 0.012 0.003 3.762 <0.001 0.027
Air temperature 0.025 0.011 2.235 0.026
Huayou % Relative humidity 0.007 0.002 2.993 0.003 0.017
Nectar sugar concentration Aiyouwang % Relative humidity −0.491 0.069 −7.113 <0.001 0.433
Air temperature 1.229 0.229 5.380 <0.001
Ningde 21 % Relative humidity −0.517 0.062 −8.364 <0.001 0.571
Air temperature 1.476 0.216 6.846 <0.001
Dehuiyou % Relative humidity −0.742 0.067 −11.132 <0.001 0.496
Air temperature 0.462 0.221 2.084 0.038
Hengheyou 998 % Relative humidity −0.633 0.068 −9.363 <0.001 0.536
Air temperature 1.226 0.230 5.327 <0.001
Huayou % Relative humidity −0.670 0.069 −9.739 <0.001 0.524
Air temperature 0.948 0.232 4.084 <0.001
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