Dependent variable: US-educated nurses per 1,000 population | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990–2015 | 2000–2015 | |||||||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | –1.730*** | –0.636** | 0.215 | –0.020 | 0.605 | –1.816*** | –0.466* | 0.205 | –0.035 | 0.605 |
(0.347) | (0.250) | (0.286) | (0.261) | (0.381) | (0.339) | (0.254) | (0.263) | (0.398) | (0.381) | |
Observations | 700 | 700 | 700 | 420 | 280 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 280 | 280 |
0.390 | 0.778 | 0.932 | 0.954 | 0.968 | 0.390 | 0.790 | 0.946 | 0.975 | 0.968 | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | –1.988*** | –1.902*** | 2.182** | 0.107 | 0.970 | –2.223*** | –3.018* | 1.878* | 0.237 | 0.970 |
(0.465) | (0.737) | (0.995) | (0.740) | (1.487) | (0.476) | (1.734) | (1.355) | (1.495) | (1.487) | |
Observations | 700 | 700 | 700 | 420 | 280 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 280 | 280 |
0.383 | 0.746 | 0.909 | 0.954 | 0.967 | 0.374 | 0.664 | 0.931 | 0.975 | 0.967 | |
Controls | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Year FE | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Area FE | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Pre-Great Recession | X | X | ||||||||
Great Recession and Post-Great Recession | X | X |
Dependent variable: Log (average hourly wages of US-educated nurses) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990–2015 | 2000–2015 | |||||||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Employed US-educated nurses (2SLS – single instrument) | ||||||||||
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.218*** | 0.232 | –0.141 | –0.007 | –0.091 | 0.230*** | 0.389 | –0.119 | 0.048 | –0.091 |
(0.046) | (0.169) | (0.135) | (0.084) | (0.242) | (0.049) | (0.290) | (0.173) | (0.119) | (0.242) | |
Observations | 700 | 700 | 700 | 420 | 280 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 280 | 280 |
0.532 | 0.632 | 0.931 | 0.963 | 0.977 | 0.361 | 0.212 | 0.935 | 0.971 | 0.977 | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.210*** | 0.202 | –0.096 | –0.035 | 0.025 | 0.220*** | 0.342 | –0.071 | –0.010 | 0.025 |
(0.039) | (0.142) | (0.109) | (0.081) | (0.161) | (0.041) | (0.249) | (0.134) | (0.129) | (0.161) | |
Observations | 700 | 700 | 700 | 420 | 280 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 280 | 280 |
0.587 | 0.691 | 0.941 | 0.960 | 0.978 | 0.420 | 0.332 | 0.942 | 0.966 | 0.978 | |
Controls | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Year FE | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Area FE | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Pre-Great Recession | X | X | ||||||||
Great Recession and Post-Great Recession | X | X |
Dependent variable: US-educated nurses per 1,000 population | |||
---|---|---|---|
Associate’s degree | Bachelor’s degree | Graduate degree | |
(1) | (2) | (3) | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.715 | 0.041 | 0.924** |
(0.105) | (0.730) | (0.647) | |
0.902 | 0.901 | 0.724 | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.771 | –0.279 | 0.882* |
(0.775) | (0.939) | (0.497) | |
Lagged foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.041 | –0.232 | –0.030 |
(0.530) | (0.380) | (0.310) | |
0.900 | 0.895 | 0.734 |
Dependent variable: US-educated nurses per 1,000 population | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990-2015 | 2000-2015 | |||||||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Less than high school | High school | Associate's degree | Bachelor's degree | Graduate degree | Less than high school | High school | Associate's degree | Bachelor's degree | Graduate degree | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.019 | 0.207 | 0.840 | 0.158 | 0.658* | 0.024 | 0.175 | 0.715 | 0.041 | 0.924** |
(0.039) | (0.249) | (0.829) | (0.668) | (0.431) | (0.053) | (0.288) | (0.105) | (0.730) | (0.647) | |
Observations | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 560 |
0.421 | 0.890 | 0.853 | 0.900 | 0.755 | 0.383 | 0.878 | 0.902 | 0.901 | 0.724 |
Dependent variable: Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990–2015 | 2000–2015 | |||||||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Predicted foreign-educated RNs per | 2.414*** | 0.521** | 0.296** | 0.574* | 0.241 | 2.493*** | 0.369** | 0.232* | 0.362 | 0.241 |
(0.604) | (0.220) | (0.166) | (0.308) | (0.348) | (0.628) | (0.214) | (0.183) | (0.415) | (0.348) | |
Controls | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Year FE | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Area FE | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Pre-Great Recession | X | X | ||||||||
Great Recession and Post-Great Recession | X | X | ||||||||
496.73 | 32.05 | 10.21 | 23.76 | 2.35 | 341.64 | 20.63 | 10.23 | 5.43 | 2.35 | |
Observations | 700 | 700 | 700 | 420 | 280 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 280 | 280 |
0.453 | 0.817 | 0.943 | 0.967 | 0.973 | 0.410 | 0.813 | 0.947 | 0.977 | 0.973 |
Dependent variable: US-educated nurses per 1,000 population | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | –2.223*** | –3.018* | 1.878* | 0.237 | 0.970 |
(0.476) | (1.734) | (1.355) | (1.495) | (1.487) | |
0.374 | 0.664 | 0.931 | 0.975 | 0.967 | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | –1.837* | –2.245 | 1.389 | 0.878 | 0.333 |
(1.010) | (1.701) | (0.797) | (1.890) | (1.899) | |
Lagged foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | –1.426* | –1.236* | –0.035 | 0.068 | 3.025 |
(0.552) | (0.749) | (0.825) | (1.439) | (1.602) | |
0.379 | 0.658 | 0.938 | 0.972 | 0.938 | |
Controls | X | X | X | X | |
Year FE | X | X | X | X | X |
Area FE | X | X | X | ||
Pre-Great Recession | X | ||||
Great Recession and Post-Great Recession | X |
US-educated RNs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2007 | 2010 | 2015 | |
Age, mean, in years | 39.25 | 40.01 | 42.90 | 44.71 | 44.99 | 44.60 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 95.91 | 94.48 | 92.44 | 91.29 | 91.12 | 90.20 |
Male | 4.09 | 5.52 | 7.56 | 8.71 | 8.88 | 9.80 |
Race | ||||||
White | 90.14 | 88.18 | 85.01 | 83.38 | 82.22 | 81.17 |
Black | 7.97 | 8.66 | 8.71 | 9.34 | 9.95 | 10.10 |
Asian | 1.46 | 1.94 | 3.64 | 4.33 | 5.11 | 5.41 |
Native American | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Other races | 0.12 | 0.83 | 2.25 | 2.50 | 2.32 | 2.93 |
Hispanics | 1.84 | 2.67 | 3.26 | 4.17 | 5.10 | 5.96 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 67.13 | 67.53 | 68.14 | 65.88 | 65.40 | 63.96 |
Widow/divorced/separated | 18.26 | 18.79 | 19.56 | 20.56 | 20.25 | 19.09 |
Single | 14.61 | 13.68 | 12.30 | 13.56 | 14.35 | 16.95 |
Educational attainment | ||||||
Less than high school | 12.35 | 0.56 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.19 |
High school | 6.06 | 15.43 | 11.27 | 6.45 | 6.69 | 6.00 |
Associate’s degree | 48.51 | 38.38 | 35.96 | 37.32 | 37.40 | 34.65 |
Bachelor’s degree | 21.91 | 32.45 | 38.75 | 42.01 | 42.66 | 44.83 |
Graduate degree | 11.18 | 13.19 | 13.80 | 14.15 | 13.04 | 14.33 |
Spanish speaking | 1.98 | 2.91 | 3.62 | 3.91 | 4.15 | 4.50 |
Part time | 31.00 | 30.22 | 26.32 | 25.13 | 23.37 | 21.70 |
Hourly wage (US $), mean | 16.24 | 20.65 | 22.89 | 24.42 | 24.47 | 23.97 |
Hours worked/week, mean | 34.67 | 36.24 | 37.11 | 37.46 | 37.52 | 37.72 |
Number of observations | 51,739 | 81,944 | 100,102 | 72,886 | 78,993 | 137,429 |
Estimated number | 1,034,780 | 1,638,880 | 2,002,040 | 2,429,533 | 2,633,100 | 2,748,580 |
Age, mean, in years | 41.15 | 44.00 | 45.74 | 46.61 | 47.12 | 48.16 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 93.63 | 93.88 | 89.48 | 86.75 | 86.36 | 84.33 |
Male | 6.37 | 6.12 | 10.52 | 13.25 | 13.64 | 15.67 |
Race | ||||||
White | 36.33 | 27.22 | 24.02 | 20.66 | 19.36 | 19.50 |
Black | 16.56 | 18.52 | 20.65 | 21.57 | 20.14 | 22.84 |
Asian | 45.96 | 52.30 | 49.14 | 54.39 | 57.19 | 54.03 |
Native American | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.20 |
Other races | 0.99 | 1.74 | 6.01 | 3.32 | 3.14 | 3.43 |
Hispanics | 8.49 | 7.25 | 5.12 | 5.11 | 5.34 | 5.62 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 64.27 | 68.74 | 71.68 | 71.53 | 73.32 | 72.86 |
Widow/divorced/separated | 14.55 | 15.63 | 15.03 | 16.27 | 15.32 | 16.79 |
Single | 21.18 | 15.63 | 13.29 | 12.20 | 11.36 | 10.34 |
Educational attainment | ||||||
Less than high school | 17.50 | 1.42 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.53 |
High school | 5.09 | 15.30 | 11.19 | 6.06 | 5.15 | 5.05 |
Associate’s degree | 26.12 | 24.98 | 22.77 | 20.45 | 19.85 | 18.92 |
Bachelor’s degree | 27.46 | 43.57 | 51.06 | 57.98 | 61.15 | 61.01 |
Graduate degree | 23.84 | 14.74 | 14.19 | 14.91 | 13.27 | 14.48 |
Spanish speaking | 6.29 | 6.15 | 5.44 | 5.27 | 5.11 | 5.77 |
Part time | 17.60 | 16.89 | 15.14 | 12.07 | 12.89 | 13.77 |
Hourly wage (US $), mean | 18.36 | 24.41 | 27.49 | 28.16 | 27.52 | 27.87 |
Hours worked/week, mean | 37.29 | 38.60 | 39.04 | 40.12 | 39.48 | 39.10 |
Number of observations | 3,241 | 4,459 | 5,460 | 4,955 | 5,871 | 10,332 |
Estimated number | 64,820 | 89,180 | 109,200 | 165,167 | 195,700 | 206,640 |
1980 ( | 1990 ( | 2000 ( | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birthplace | % | Birthplace | % | Birthplace | % | |||
Philippines | 883 | 27.25 | Philippines | 1,566 | 35.11 | Philippines | 1,767 | 32.37 |
Canada | 354 | 10.91 | Jamaica | 344 | 7.72 | India | 398 | 7.29 |
India | 199 | 6.15 | Canada | 298 | 6.69 | Canada | 373 | 6.83 |
Jamaica | 195 | 6.01 | India | 270 | 6.05 | Jamaica | 355 | 6.51 |
Korea | 148 | 4.56 | Korea | 154 | 3.46 | Nigeria | 217 | 3.97 |
England | 107 | 3.29 | Ireland | 115 | 2.57 | Korea | 150 | 2.75 |
Ireland | 101 | 3.11 | England | 102 | 2.29 | Guyana/British Guiana | 116 | 2.13 |
Thailand | 74 | 2.28 | Trinidad and Tobago | 89 | 2.00 | England | 116 | 2.12 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 64 | 1.99 | Thailand | 77 | 1.73 | China | 112 | 2.05 |
West Germany | 59 | 1.83 | Barbados | 60 | 1.34 | Trinidad and Tobago | 96 | 1.77 |
Percentage of total FENs accounted for by top 10 source countries | 67.38 | 68.96 | 67.79 | |||||
Philippines | 1,792 | 36.17 | Philippines | 2,335 | 39.77 | Philippines | 3,910 | 37.84 |
India | 421 | 8.49 | India | 476 | 8.11 | India | 797 | 7.72 |
Canada | 251 | 5.07 | Jamaica | 2665 | 4.53 | Nigeria | 593 | 5.64 |
Nigeria | 229 | 4.63 | Nigeria | 262 | 4.46 | Jamaica | 404 | 3.91 |
Jamaica | 220 | 4.44 | Canada | 229 | 3.91 | Canada | 381 | 3.69 |
Korea | 162 | 3.26 | Korea | 191 | 3.26 | Korea | 282 | 2.73 |
Haiti | 142 | 2.86 | China | 145 | 2.47 | China | 232 | 2.25 |
China | 122 | 2.47 | Haiti | 121 | 2.06 | Haiti | 203 | 1.97 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 74 | 1.49 | Guyana/British | 70 | 1.20 | Ghana | 196 | 1.90 |
Guiana | ||||||||
England | 70 | 1.42 | Cuba | 70 | 1.19 | Cuba | 148 | 1.44 |
Percentage of total FENs accounted for by top 10 source countries | 70.30 | 70.96 | 69.09 |
Dependent variable: US-educated nurses per 1,000 population | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25–29 | 30–34 | 35–39 | 40–44 | 45–49 | 50–54 | 55–59 | 60–64 | 65–70 | |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.906** | –0.068 | 0.431 | –0.514 | –0.047 | 0.040 | 0.135 | 0.569 | 0.125 |
(0.761) | (0.391) | (0.594) | (0.489) | (0.450) | (0.397) | (0.429) | (0.545) | (0.181) | |
0.497 | 0.736 | 0.703 | 0.783 | 0.808 | 0.824 | 0.863 | 0.743 | 0.691 | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.533 | –0.134 | 0.673 | –0.346 | 0.003 | –0.081 | 0.323 | 0.379 | 0.039 |
(0.508) | (0.375) | (0.549) | (0.439) | (0.284) | (0.319) | (0.280) | (0.480) | (0.116) | |
Lagged foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | –0.488* | –0.048 | 0.175 | 0.122 | 0.036 | –0.088 | 0.136 | –0.138 | –0.062 |
(0.308) | (0.219) | (0.295) | (0.145) | (0.211) | (0.206) | (0.221) | (0.181) | (0.088) | |
0.721 | 0.734 | 0.648 | 0.811 | 0.810 | 0.824 | 0.843 | 0.795 | 0.721 |
1990 | 2000 | 2007 | 2010 | 2015 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
USEN | Zero | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
>0 & <5 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 22 | |
>0 & <10 | 5 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 39 | |
FEN | Zero | 215 | 180 | 197 | 193 | 217 |
>0 & <5 | 40 | 41 | 32 | 36 | 85 | |
>0 & <10 | 66 | 63 | 50 | 48 | 109 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past settlement | –1.945** | –0.523* | 0.482 | 0.753 | –0.461 |
(0.791) | (0.285) | (0.353) | (1.843) | (1.163) | |
Lagged past settlement | –4.004*** | –1.218** | 0.233 | 0.854 | 1.915 |
(0.838) | (0.605) | (0.631) | (2.227) | (2.861) | |
Past settlement | 0.961*** | 0.282** | 0.291** | 0.474 | 0. 631 |
(0.178) | (0.171) | (0.194) | (0.674) | (0.570) | |
Lagged past settlement | 1.705*** | 0.180 | 0.293 | 0.144 | 0.215 |
(0.466) | (0.205) | (0.256) | (0.761) | (1.160) | |
Sanderson–Windmeijer multivariate | 36.50 | 10.96 | 10.15 | 6.30 | 1.05 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.059] | [0.307] | |
Past settlement | 0.420* | –0.088 | –0.222 | 0.512 | 0.170 |
(0.216) | (0.169) | (0.216) | (0.558) | (0.570) | |
Lagged past settlement | 2.046*** | 0.660*** | 0.492** | 0.110* | –0.609 |
(0.527) | (0.252) | (0.329) | (0.601) | (1.239) | |
Sanderson–Windmeijer multivariate | 36.80 | 25.45 | 26.69 | 7.37 | 5.60 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.008] | [0.458] | |
Controls | X | X | X | X | |
Year FE | X | X | X | X | X |
Area FE | X | X | X | ||
Pre-Great Recession | X | ||||
Great Recession and Post-Great Recession | X |
CZ | State | Metro status | CZ | State | Metro status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
302 | Tennessee | Mixed | 19600 | New Jersey | Metro |
401 | North Carolina | Mixed | 19700 | Pennsylvania | Metro |
500 | North Carolina | Mixed | 19800 | Delaware | Metro |
900 | North Carolina | Mixed | 19902 | Maryland | Mixed |
1100 | North Carolina | Mixed | 20001 | Maine | Mixed |
1203 | North Carolina | Mixed | 20003 | Maine | Nonmetro |
1701 | North Carolina | Mixed | 20100 | Maine | Mixed |
1900 | North Carolina | Mixed | 20200 | Vermont | Mixed |
2000 | Virginia | Mixed | 20302 | Vermont | Nonmetro |
2400 | Virginia | Metro | 20401 | Rhode Island | Metro |
2500 | Virginia | Mixed | 20500 | Massachusetts | Metro |
2700 | Mississippi | Mixed | 20600 | New Hampshire | Mixed |
3003 | Mississippi | Mixed | 20800 | Massachusetts | Metro |
3300 | Louisiana | Mixed | 20901 | Connecticut | Mixed |
3901 | Louisiana | Mixed | 21501 | Minnesota | Metro |
4200 | Arkansas | Mixed | 23100 | Wisconsin | Mixed |
5202 | Tennessee | Metro | 23500 | Illinois | Mixed |
5600 | Tennessee | Metro | 23801 | Illinois | Metro |
6000 | Alabama | Mixed | 23900 | Illinois | Mixed |
6700 | Florida | Metro | 24100 | Wisconsin | Mixed |
6800 | Florida | Mixed | 24300 | Illinois | Metro |
6900 | Florida | Mixed | 24400 | Illinois | Mixed |
7000 | Florida | Mixed | 24701 | Missouri | Mixed |
7100 | Florida | Mixed | 24802 | Illinois | Mixed |
7200 | Florida | Metro | 28401 | Colorado | Mixed |
7300 | Florida | Metro | 28900 | Colorado | Metro |
7400 | Florida | Mixed | 29301 | Kansas | Mixed |
7500 | Florida | Mixed | 29502 | Missouri | Mixed |
7600 | Florida | Mixed | 30601 | Texas | Mixed |
7800 | Florida | Mixed | 30802 | Texas | Mixed |
7900 | Florida | Mixed | 31201 | Texas | Mixed |
8202 | South Carolina | Mixed | 31301 | Texas | Mixed |
8401 | Georgia | Mixed | 31401 | Texas | Mixed |
8800 | Georgia | Mixed | 31600 | Texas | Mixed |
8900 | Georgia | Mixed | 31700 | Texas | Mixed |
9100 | Georgia | Mixed | 31800 | Texas | Mixed |
9400 | Georgia | Mixed | 31900 | Texas | Mixed |
9701 | Georgia | Mixed | 32000 | Texas | Mixed |
9900 | Florida | Mixed | 32100 | Texas | Mixed |
10900 | Florida | Mixed | 32201 | Texas | Nonmetro |
11101 | Alabama | Mixed | 32801 | Texas | Mixed |
11302 | Maryland | Metro | 32900 | Texas | Metro |
11304 | Maryland | Mixed | 33000 | Texas | Mixed |
11600 | Michigan | Mixed | 33100 | Texas | Mixed |
11700 | Michigan | Metro | 33300 | Texas | Mixed |
11900 | Michigan | Mixed | 33803 | Oklahoma | Mixed |
12200 | Michigan | Mixed | 34102 | Alaska | Mixed |
12501 | Ohio | Mixed | 34701 | Hawaii | Metro |
12701 | Ohio | Mixed | 34901 | New Mexico | Mixed |
13501 | Ohio | Mixed | 35001 | Arizona | Mixed |
13600 | Indiana | Mixed | 35100 | Arizona | Mixed |
14200 | Indiana | Mixed | 35600 | Hawaii | Nonmetro |
14900 | Indiana | Metro | 36100 | Utah | Mixed |
15200 | Ohio | Mixed | 37000 | California | Mixed |
15900 | Ohio | Mixed | 37100 | California | Metro |
16300 | Pennsylvania | Mixed | 37200 | California | Metro |
16400 | Ohio | Mixed | 37300 | California | Mixed |
16600 | Virginia | Mixed | 37400 | California | Mixed |
17400 | Pennsylvania | Mixed | 37500 | California | Metro |
17600 | Virginia | Mixed | 37604 | Nevada | Mixed |
17700 | New York | Mixed | 37700 | California | Mixed |
17800 | New York | Nonmetro | 37800 | California | Metro |
17900 | New York | Mixed | 37901 | Nevada | Mixed |
18000 | New York | Mixed | 38000 | California | Metro |
18600 | New York | Mixed | 38200 | California | Metro |
18800 | Pennsylvania | Mixed | 38300 | California | Mixed |
19100 | Pennsylvania | Mixed | 38601 | Washington | Mixed |
19300 | New York | Mixed | 38801 | Oregon | Metro |
19400 | New York | Metro | 38901 | Oregon | Mixed |
19500 | New Jersey | Metro | 39400 | Washington | Mixed |
Dependent variable: log (average hourly wages of US-educated nurses) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employed USENs | Full-time employed USENs | |||||||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.230*** | 0.389 | –0.119 | 0.048 | –0.091 | 0.220*** | 0.342 | –0.071 | –0.010 | 0.025 |
(0.049) | (0.290) | (0.173) | (0.119) | (0.242) | (0.041) | (0.249) | (0.134) | (0.129) | (0.161) | |
0.361 | 0.512 | 0.935 | 0.971 | 0.977 | 0.420 | 0.532 | 0.942 | 0.966 | 0.978 | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.117** | 0.198 | 0.043 | 0.008 | –0.149 | 0.107*** | 0.169 | 0.105 | 0.060 | –0.034 |
(0.046) | (0.303) | (0.100) | (0.154) | (0.372) | (0.038) | (0.261) | (0.082) | (0.157) | (0.304) | |
Lagged foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.125** | 0.306* | 0.118** | –0.041 | –0.277 | 0.125*** | 0.277* | 0.127** | 0.071 | –0.278 |
(0.051) | (0.184) | (0.060) | (0.108) | (0.694) | (0.046) | (0.161) | (0.061) | (0.120) | (0.160) | |
0.371 | 0.470 | 0.950 | 0.971 | 0.935 | 0.433 | 0.411 | 0.939 | 0.966 | 0.932 | |
Controls | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Year FE | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Area FE | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Pre-Great Recession | X | X | ||||||||
Great Recession and Post-Great Recession | X | X |
Dependent variable: US-educated nurses per 1,000 population | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990–2015 | |||||||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
Age, years | 25–29 | 30–34 | 35–39 | 40–44 | 45–49 | 50–54 | 55–59 | 60–64 | 65–70 |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.818** | –0.155 | 0.387 | –0.057 | 0.394 | 0.218 | 0.164 | 0.331 | 0.081 |
(0.380) | (0.314) | (0.383) | (0.269) | (0.292) | (0.294) | (0.302) | (0.303) | (0.105) | |
Observations | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 |
0.631 | 0.757 | 0.727 | 0.792 | 0.793 | 0.847 | 0.877 | 0.802 | 0.709 | |
Foreign-educated nurses per 1,000 population | 0.906** | –0.068 | 0.431 | –0.514 | –0.047 | 0.040 | 0.135 | 0.569 | 0.125 |
(0.761) | (0.391) | (0.594) | (0.489) | (0.450) | (0.397) | (0.429) | (0.545) | (0.181) | |
Observations | 560 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 560 | 560 |
0.497 | 0.736 | 0.703 | 0.783 | 0.808 | 0.824 | 0.863 | 0.743 | 0.691 |