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Does sexual orientation of bullying target influence bystander response?

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Figure 1

Proposed theoretical model
Proposed theoretical model

Hypothesis 1: Homophobia and amnestic heterosexism as covariates to clarity and harmfulness of behavior

Overall Mean DifferencesGroup Comparisons
FSig. F.BStd. ErrortρPartial η2
Hypothesis 1a: Homophobia as Covariate
How Clearly Behavior Is MistreatmentIntercept619.1640.0002.910.1518.960.0000.69
Susan’s Sexual Orientation0.8570.4260.01
Condition: Lesbian−0.090.15−0.580.5620.00
Condition: Bisexual0.100.150.720.4750.00
Condition: Heterosexual(Comparison group)
Homophobia0.3780.540−0.020.04−0.610.5400.00
Intercept284.7490.0005.790.4413.020.0000.51
How Harmful Is BehaviorSusan’s Sexual Orientation0.8060.4480.01
Condition: Lesbian−0.350.43−0.830.4100.00
Condition: Bisexual0.170.420.410.6800.00
Condition: Heterosexual(Comparison group)
Homophobia0.0000.9910.000.120.010.9910.00
Hypothesis 1b: Amnestic Heterosexism as Covariate
Intercept469.4040.0003.040.1816.980.0000.64
How Clearly Behavior Is MistreatmentSusan’s Sexual Orientation0.8820.4160.01
Condition: Lesbian−0.120.15−0.790.4330.00
Condition: Bisexual0.070.150.500.6190.00
Condition: Heterosexual(Comparison group)
Amnestic Heterosexism1.9580.164−0.050.04−1.400.1640.01
Intercept201.5430.0005.850.5211.200.0000.44
How Harmful Is BehaviorSusan’s Sexual Orientation0.8350.4360.01
Condition: Lesbian−0.370.43−0.850.3960.00
Condition: Bisexual0.160.430.380.7030.00
Condition: Heterosexual(Comparison group)
Amnestic Heterosexism0.0180.893−0.020.11−0.130.8930.00

Main effects: Mean differences between sexual orientations

Dependent VariableNMeanStd. DeviationFρ
How Clearly Behavior Is MistreatmentLesbian562.770.79
Bisexual562.950.76
Heterosexual552.840.73
Total1672.850.760.7860.458
How Harmful Is BehaviorLesbian565.442.21
Bisexual565.962.10
Heterosexual555.792.30
Total1675.732.200.8310.437
Personal ResponsibilityLesbian564.302.56
Bisexual565.252.44
Heterosexual555.282.56
Total1674.942.552.7470.067
AvoidanceLesbian562.671.03
Bisexual562.851.06
Heterosexual552.921.02
Total1672.811.040.8650.423
Active InterventionLesbian562.980.90
Bisexual563.250.71
Heterosexual553.380.82
Total1673.200.833.5410.031

Descriptive statistics and correlations

MeanStandard Deviationα123456789
1Sex1---1.00
2White/Persons of Color2---−0.011.00
3Age33.008.80-0.11−0.121.00
4Clearly Represents Mistreatment2.850.760.640.17*−0.09−0.031.00
5How Harmful Is Behavior5.752.20.720.17*0.02−0.070.77**1.00
6Personal Responsibility4.962.550.950.24**−0.02−0.090.67**0.80**1.00
7Avoidance2.811.030.88−0.030.31**−0.09−0.20*−0.08−0.29**1.00
8Active Intervention3.210.830.880.17*−0.03−0.21**0.49**0.55**0.72**−0.23**1.00
9Homophobia2.561.520.940.010.17*−0.02−0.040.020.010.40**0.081.00
10Amnestic Heterosexism3.241.550.93−0.110.07−0.04−0.100.00−0.040.43**0.010.55**

Hypothesis 2: Homophobia and amnestic heterosexism as covariates to personal responsibility

Overall Mean DifferencesGroup Comparisons
FSig. F.BStd. ErrortρPartial η2
Hypothesis 2a: Homophobia as Covariate
Personal ResponsibilityIntercept167.6970.0005.380.5110.570.0000.41
Susan’s Sexual Orientation2.7460.0670.03
Condition: Lesbian−1.010.49−2.060.0410.03
Condition: Bisexual−0.040.48−0.090.9300.00
Condition: Heterosexual(Comparison group)
Homophobia0.0620.804−0.030.13−0.250.8040.00
Hypothesis 2b: Amnestic Heterosexism as Covariate
Personal ResponsibilityIntercept133.5880.0005.780.609.700.0000.37
Susan’s Sexual Orientation3.0830.0480.04
Condition: Lesbian−1.100.49−2.240.0270.03
Condition: Bisexual−0.120.49−0.250.8010.00
Condition: Heterosexual(Comparison group)
Amnestic Heterosexism1.0110.316−0.130.13−1.010.3160.01

Hypothesis 3: Homophobia and amnestic heterosexism as covariates to avoidance and active intervention

Overall Mean DifferencesGroup Comparisons
FSig. FBStd. ErrortρPartial η2
Hypothesis 3a: Homophobia as Covariate
AvoidanceIntercept209.030.0002.160.1911.160.0000.43
Susan’s Sexual Orientation0.080.9270.00
Condition: Lesbian−0.060.19−0.350.7280.00
Condition: Bisexual0.000.18−0.020.9810.00
Condition: Heterosexual(Comparison group)
Homophobia28.330.0000.270.055.320.0000.15
Intercept629.630.0003.320.1620.190.0000.71
Active InterventionSusan’s Sexual Orientation3.140.0460.04
Condition: Lesbian−0.390.16−2.450.0150.04
Condition: Bisexual−0.120.16−0.790.4290.00
Condition: Heterosexual(Comparison group)
Homophobia0.270.6060.020.040.520.6060.00
Hypothesis 3b: Amestic Heterosexism as Covariate
AvoidanceIntercept116.650.0001.840.228.240.0000.29
Susan’s Sexual Orientation0.310.7350.00
Condition: Lesbian0.000.180.000.9990.00
Condition: Bisexual0.120.180.670.5050.00
Condition: Heterosexual(Comparison group)
Amnestic Heterosexism34.660.0000.290.055.890.0000.18
Intercept471.320.0003.460.1917.910.0000.66
Active InterventionSusan’s Sexual Orientation3.630.0290.04
Condition: Lesbian−0.420.16−2.630.0090.04
Condition: Bisexual−0.140.16−0.900.3680.00
Condition: Heterosexual(Comparison group)
Amnestic Heterosexism−0.020.04−0.470.6400.00