Sensitivity and Specificity of the Geriatric Bedside Swallowing Screen (GEBS): A Diagnostic Accuracy Pilot Study / Sensitivität und Spezifität des Geriatric Bedside Swallowing Screen (GEBS): Eine Diagnostische Pilotstudie

Figure 1:

Cross tabulation results for the full GEBS protocol (GEBS) and Presence of Dysphagia (Dys)

	GEBS (+)	GEBS (−)
Dys (+)	8	4
Dys (−)	3	15

Validity results of GEBS Water Swallow Test only and full GEBS protocol; PPV: Positive Predictive Value; NPV: Negative Predictive Value; LR+: Positive Likelihood Ratio; LR−: Negative Likelihood Ratio

GEBS WST		CI (95%)
Sensitivity (%)	58.3	27.7–84.8
Specificity (%)	83.3	58.6–96.4
PPV (%)	70	42.8–87.9
NPV (%)	75	59.8–85.8
LR+	3.5
LR−	0.5
GEBS full
Sensitivity (%)	66.7	34.9–90.1
Specificity (%)	83.3	58.6–96.4
PPV (%)	72.7	46.8–89
NPV (%)	79	62.1–89.6
LR +	4
LR −	0.4

Correlation of Risk Factors with Dysphagia

	N	X2	Cramér’s V	p
Neurological disorder	20	5.36	0.34	0.018
Recent pneumonia	3	5	0.41	0.025
Sarcopenia	1	1.55	0.23	0.213
Unintentional weight loss	0	0	n/a	1
Dysphagia reported	10	10	0.58	0.002
Impaired oral health	1	1.55	0.23	0.213

Risk Factors for Dysphagia

Neurological or neuropsychiatric disease	Unintentional weight loss
Pneumonia within the last 12 months	Symptoms of dysphagia (drooling, wet voice, coughing)
Sarcopenia	Impaired oral health

Demographic Characteristics; ADL: Activities of Daily Life; CCI: Charlston Comorbidity Index

Demographic characteristics		N (%)
Gender	Female	18 (60)
	Male	12 (40)
Age	75–80	17 (56.7)
	81–85	4 (13.3)
	86–90	6 (20)
	90–100	3 (10)
Reason for Admission	Fall	2 (6.7)
	Acute Neurological Event	14 (46.7)
	Acute Internal Event	4 (13.3)
	Exacerbation	10 (33.3)
Dependency on help for ADL	None to light	22 (73.3)
	Moderate	5 (16.7)
	Severe	3 (10)
CCI-Score	0–1	9 (30)
	2–3	13 (43.3)
	4–5	7 (23.3)
	6	1 (3.3)

Cross tabulation results for GEBS Water Swallow Test (GEBS WST) and Presence of Dysphagia (Dys)

	GEBS WST (+)	GEBS WST (−)
Dys (+)	7	5
Dys (−)	3	15