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Intestinal parasitic infection among rural schoolchildren in Taiz, Yemen: School-based assessment of the prevalence and associated risk factors

T. Alharazi
T. Alharazi
   | 17 déc. 2022
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Article Category: Research Article
Publié en ligne: 17 déc. 2022
Pages: 233 - 245
Reçu: 22 déc. 2021
Accepté: 01 sept. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2022-0032
Mots clés
© 2022 T. Alharazi, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

A geographic map showing the study area (Almawasit & Sabir Almawadim) in Taiz governorate. The map was created by authors using the Esri ArcGIS 10.7 software
A geographic map showing the study area (Almawasit & Sabir Almawadim) in Taiz governorate. The map was created by authors using the Esri ArcGIS 10.7 software

Distribution of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in rural communities of Taiz, Yemen (2019 – 2020) according to age.

Parasite species Age group (years)a P value
≤10 n (%) >10 n (%)  
Protozoa      
Giardia lamblia 62 (18.0) 12 (9.0) 0.014
E.histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii 58 (16.9) 13 (9.7) 0.061
Total 120 (34.9) 25 (18.7) 0.018
Helminths      
Schistosoma mansoni 41(11.9) 21(15.7) 0.273
Ascaris lumbricoides 17 (4.9) 1 (0.8) 0.032b
Trichuris trichiura 10 (2.9) 4 (3.0) 1.000b
Enterobius vermicularis 5 (1.4) 1 (0.8) 1.000b
Total 73(21.2) 27(20.2) 0.386

Univariate and multivariate logistic of potential risk factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni among schoolchildren in rural communities of Taiz, Yemen.

Variables   Infected % OR (95% CL) P value AOR (95% CL) P value
Age <10 11.9 0.662(0347-1.265) 0.273    
  >10 15.7 1      
Gender Male 16.2 1      
  Female 14.5 1.175(0.688-2.007) 0.555    
Parent’s educational status educated 13.8 1      
  Non educated 12.3 0.874(0.512-1.490) 0.620    
Family size >5 13.1 1      
  <5 12.1 1.127(0.660-1.924) 0.661    
Washing hand before eating Always 13.4 1      
  sometimes 12.0 0.590(0.309-1.126) 0.673    
Defecation habits latrine 11.1 1   1  
  Open field 16.3 1.017(0.173-2.947) 0.041* 2.383(1.302-4.363 0.005*
Eating unwashed fruits and vegetables Always 14.9 1      
  sometimes 10.6 0.681(0.393-1.181) 0.170    
Source of drinking water Protected tap water 14.6 1      
  Unprotected stream/ well 10.9 0.715(0.413-1.240) 0.231    
Swimming practice in rivers/ ponds Sometimes 9.4 1   1  
  Always 15.8 2.472 (1.667-3.046) 0.011* 1.826(1.048-3.183) 0.005*
Washing clothes/utensil in open water Sometimes 8.3 1      
sources Always 16.1 2.473 (1.260-3.865) 0.013* 2.73(1.79-4.015) 0.825
Dirty unclipping fingernail Always 12.6 1      
  Sometimes 11.3 0.784 (0.437-1.404) 0.412    
Existing animals inside house Yes 15.7 1      
  No 11.3 0.685 (0.400-1.174) 0.167    

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in rural communities of Taiz, Yemen (2019 – 2020).

Parasite species Number positive Percentage (%)
Overall 245 51.26
Protozoa    
Giardia lamblia 74 15.5
E.histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii 71 14.9
Total 145 30.3
Helminths    
Schistosoma mansoni 62 13.0
Ascaris lumbercoid 18 3.8
Trichuris trichiura 14 2.9
Enterobius vermicularis 6 1.3
Total 100 20.9
Single 179 37.4
Double 21 4.4
Triple 8 1.7

Distribution of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in rural communities of Taiz, Yemen (2019 – 2020) according to gender.

Parasite species Gendera Male n (%) Female n (%) P value
Protozoa
Giardia lamblia 44 (16.2) 30 (14.5) 0.602
E.histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii 41 (15.1) 30 (14.5) 0.846
Total 85 (31.4) 60 (29.0) 0.786
Helminths
Schistosoma mansoni 33 (12.2) 29 (14.0) 0.715
Ascaris lumbricoides 11 (4.1) 7 (3.4) 0.700
Trichuris trichiura 6 (2.2) 8 (3.9) 0.289
Enterobius vermicularis 3 (1.1) 3 (1.4) 0.739
Total 53 (19.6) 47 (22.7) 0.462

Socio-demographic characteristics of school children in rural communities of Taiz, Yemen.

Socio-demographic variables categories Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Age ≤10 344 72
>10 134 28
Sex Male 271 56.7
Female 207 43.3
Parent’s educational status literate 225 47.1
illiterate 253 52.9
Family size <5 236 49.4
≥ 5 242 50.6
Washing hand before meals Always 148 31.0
sometimes 330 69.0
Defecation habits Latrine 153 32.0
Open field 325 68.0
Eating washed fruits and vegetables Always 132 27.6
sometimes 346 72.4
Source of drinking water Protected tap water 147 30.8
Unprotected stream/well 331 60.2
Swimming practice in rivers/ ponds Sometimes 240 50.20
Always 238 49.8
Washing clothes/utensil in open water sources Sometimes 261 54.6
Always 217 45.4
Dirty unclipping Fingernails Always 144 30.1
Sometimes 334 69.9
Existing of animals inside the house No 258 54.0
Yes 220 46.0

Univariate and multivariate analysis of potential risk factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in rural communities of Taiz, Yemen

Variables Infected % OR (95% CL) P value AOR (95% CL) P value
Age >10 31.3 1   1  
≤10 43.6 1.391 (1.054-1.837) 0.014* 0.903(0.210-1.524) 0.601
Gender Male 39.1 1      
Female 41.5 1.106(0.765-1.600) 0.591    
Parent’s educational status educated 41.3 1      
Non educated 39.1 0.912(0.633-1.316) 0.624    
Family size >5 41.2 1      
≤ 5 39.0 1.102(0.764-1.589) 0.602    
Washing hand before meals Always 31.0 1   1  
sometimes 44.0 1.753(1.157-2.657) 0.008* 2.07(1.281-3.368) 0.013*
Defecation habits Latrine 32.0 1   1  
Open field 54.7 2.558(1.741-3.757) 0.001* 1.869(1.216-2.874) 0.004*
Eating washed fruits and vegetables Always 27.5 1   1  
sometimes 55.6 3.299(2.252-4.831) 0.001* 0.289(0.010-1.37) 0.011*
Source of drinking water Protected tap water 30.7 1   1  
Unprotected stream/well 52.1 2.457(1.689-3.575) 0.001* 1.09(0.901-2.10) 0.074
Swimming practice in rivers/ ponds Sometimes 50.0 1   1  
Always 37.1 0.444(0.293-0.671) 0.074    
Washing clothes/utensil in open water sources Sometimes 54.7 1      
Always 45.3 0.537(0.221-0.937) 0.069    
Dirty unclipping Fingernails Always 30.1 1   1  
Sometimes 54.0 2.725(1.868-3.976) 0.001* 0.545(0.352-0.845) 0.023*
Existing of animals inside the house No 32.3 1   1  
Yes 53.4 2.395 (1.636-3.507) 0.001* 1.048(0.981-2.639) 0.068

Univariate and multivariate analysis of potential risk factors associated with Giardia lamblia among schoolchildren in rural communities of Taiz, Yemen.

Variables Infected % OR (95% CL) P value AOR (95% CL) P value
Age ≤10 18.0 1   1  
>10 9.0 0.447 (0.233-0.860) 0.014* 1.403 (0.833-1.890) 0.074
Gender Male 16.2 1      
Female 14.5 0.874(0.528-1.0447) 0.602    
Parent’s educational status educated 52.7 1      
Non educated 47.3 0.766(0.466-1.258) 0.291    
Family size >5 55.4 1      
≤ 5 44.6 0.751(0.456-1.236) 0.259    
Washing hand before meals Always 54.0 1      
sometimes 14.1 0.859(0.491-1.492) 0.583    
Defecation habits latrine 11.4 1   1  
Open field 22.7 2.094(1.184-3.704) 0.001* 1.473(0.830-2.522) 0.024*
Eating unwashed fruits and vegetables Always 9.2 1   1  
Sometimes 23.1 2.987(1.766-5.052) 0.001* 1.238(0.0.133-2.425) 0.020*
Source of drinking water Protected tap water 6.7 1   1  
Unprotected stream/well 26.5 4.998(2.833-8.817) 0.001* 2.261(0.879-3.473) 0.037*
Swimming practice in rivers/ ponds Sometimes 14.8 1   1  
Always 17.5 0.759(0.442-1.303) 0.485    
Washing clothes/utensil in open water sources Sometimes 11.5 1   1  
Always 21.4 2.082(1.292-3.538) 0.004* 0.938(0.071-1.70) 0.084
Dirty unclipping fingernail always 11.2 1   1  
Sometimes 21.3 2.137(1.292-3.535) 0.003* 1.041(0.301-1.9400 0.066
Existing of animals inside the house No 12.0 1   1.  
Yes 21.3 1.967(1.113-3.478) 0.006* 2.24(0.932-3.12) 0.130
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