The helminth fauna of Olive Ridley sea turtle,
The genus
Concerning the Neotropical region (see Werneck & Silva, 2016),
This note describes the first occurrence of
The first turtle, an adult female (verified by the size of the tail and confirmed during the necropsy, through gonad visualization) measuring 68 centimeters (cm) of curvilinear carapace length (CCL) and weighing 32.76 kilograms (kg) was found dead in April 2019, on Caçandoca beach, located in the city of Ubatuba (23°33ʹ48.8262ʺ S 45°13ʹ3.0612ʺ W) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Macroscopic necropsy findings comprised the presence of aerated fluid in the trachea, bronchi and lung parenchyma, due to anthropic interactions with fishing and amputation of the right anterior fin.
The liver displayed a nutmeg pattern (chronic passive congestion with evidence of a lobular pattern), brownish in color, with the accumulation of lumpy bile in the gallbladder. Kidneys presented a diffuse yellowish color parenchyma. The urinary bladder displayed a slight thickening of the wall and the presence of parasites attached to the mucosa.
The second specimen, a male, (verified by the size of the tail and confirmed during the necropsy, through gonad visualization), was found in January 2020 at Abaís beach, in the municipality of Estância, in the state of Sergipe (10°28ʹ28.598ʺ S 36°51ʹ40.4706ʺ W), Brazil, measuring 67.8 cm in CCL and weighing 31.4 kg. This animal was found with no vital signs during regular beach monitoring efforts and sent to the Rehabilitation and Depetrolization Center in Aracaju, Sergipe, for necropsy procedures. A good body score and evident normal mucous membranes were observed during the anatomopathological evaluation. The liver presented an intraparenchymal abscess adhering strongly to the serosa of the adjacent small intestine. The lungs were diffusely reddish and hypocrepitant, with a large amount of foamy liquid flowing to the parenchyma cut. The bladder contained a moderate number of parasites occupying the lumen. No macroscopic changes were observed in other organs.
Samples from the respiratory, digestive and reproductive tract, liver, heart, pancreas, kidneys and urinary bladder were taken, fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned (5 μm), and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for subsequent analyses under an optical microscope.
Thirteen
Morphological and morphometric comparisons among the analyzed parasites were carried out using the genera identification key proposed by Campbell (2008), in addition to the descriptions by Rudolphi (1819), Looss (1901, 1902), Pratt (1914), Caballero y Caballero (1954), Chattopadhyaya (1970), Blair and Limpus (1982), Santoro and Morales (2007) and Werneck et al. (2018). The report by Werneck et al. (2019) was used for comparisons with other members of the genus (
Of the 13
Morphometric data of the genus
Caballero (1954) | Chattopadhyaya (1970) | Blair & Limpus (1982) | Werneck et al. (2018) | Santoro & Morales (2007) | Present report | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panama | India | Australia | Brazil | Costa Rica | Brazil | |
UB | Liver | UB | UB | UB | UB | |
3 | 1 | 6 | 31 (10 mens.) | 13 (13 mens) | ||
2.5–3.2 | 8.5 | 2.97–7.21 (5.47) | 7.91 – 8.86 (8.23) | 12.8–15.7 (14) | 4.8 – 8.8 (5.12) | |
1.21–1.27 | 4.7 | 1.31–3.7 (2.2) | 2.73 – 3.04 (2.87) | 4.4–5.4 (5.1) | 1.8 – 4.0 (2.1) | |
0.13–0.24 | 0.74 | 0.41–0.86 (0.62) | 0.51 – 0.62 (0.58) | 0.84–1.07 (0.96) | 0.61 – 0. 95 (0.77) | |
0.28–0.29 | 0.86 | 0.42–0.85 (0.64) | 0.75 – 0.85 (0.79) | 1.14–1.32 (1.24) | 0.61 – 1. 0 (0.80) | |
0.038–0.057 | 0.16 | – | 0.35 – 0.45 (0.39) | 0.31–0.56 (0.44) | 0.15 – 0.38 (0.28) | |
0.038–0.046 | – | – | 0.09 – 0.2 (0.16) | – | 0.05 – 0.12 (0.08) | |
0.068–0.076 | 0.26 | 0.15–0.3 (0.21) | 0.27 – 0.34 (0.29) | 0.25–0.37 (0.32) | 0.19 – 0.33 (0.25) | |
0.099–0.10 | 0.36 | 0.18–0.37 (0.25) | 0.29 – 0.34 (0.31) | 0.36–0.37 (0.37) | 0.25 – 0.33 (0.29) | |
0.37–0.39 | 0.5–1.26 (0.95) | 0.92 – 1.37 (1.2) | 1.51–1.89 (1.72) | 0.97 – 1.05 (1.21) | ||
0.40–0.41 | 1.4* | 0.62–1.37 (0.95) | 1.05 – 1.34 (1.24) | 1.57–1.89 (1.73) | 0.98 – 1.5 (1.27) | |
0.27–0.28 | 2.4 | 0.48–1.52 (0.9) | 1.39 – 1.6 (1.34) | 2.39–3.46 (2.83) | 0.210 – 1.47 (1.09) | |
0.19–0.2 | 1.7 | 0.43–1.15 (0.7) | 0.89 – 1.3 (1.08) | 1.57–2.14 (1.93) | 0.24 – 1.16 (0.78) | |
0.26–0.33 | 2.4 | 0.48–1.52 (0.9) | 1.34 – 1.53 (1.46) | 2.4–3.4 (2.9) | 0.78 – 1.56 (1.24) | |
0.11–0.17 | 2.2 | 0.43–1.15 (0.7) | 0.83 – 1.38 (1.07) | 1.63–2.2 (1.95) | 0.54 – 1.16 (0.83) | |
0.11–0.14 | 0.45 | 0.23–0.37 (0.29) | 0.43 – 0.45 (0.43) | 0.44–0.63 (0.53) | 0.18 – 0.38 (0.28) | |
0.084–0.087 | 0.71 | 0.21–0.37 (0.29) | 0.41 – 0.49 (0.44) | 0.37–0.69 (0.57) | 0.20 – 0.54 (0.38) | |
0.065–0.095 | – | – | 0.28 – 0.45 (0.34) | 0.18–0.31 (0.28) | 0.15 – 0.47 (0.28) | |
0.095–0.152 | – | – | 0.34 – 0.38 (0.36) | 0.18–0.37 (0.28) | 0.25 – 0.60 (0.43) | |
– | – | 0.19–0.42 (0.32) | 0.48 – 0.52 (0.5) | 0.56–0.94 (0.79) | 0.27 – 0.68 (0.44) | |
– | – | 0.19–0.5 (0.28) | 0.34 – 0.5 (0.43) | 0.31–0.63 (0.50) | 0.27 – 0.50 (0.36) | |
– | – | 0.19–0.42 (0.32) | 0.47 – 0.56 (0.53) | 0.56–0.88 (0.73) | 0.30 – 0.74 (0.47) | |
– | – | 0.19–0.5 (0.28) | 0.37 – 0.46 (0.41) | 0.50–0.56 (0.57) | 0.21 – 0.41 (0.70) | |
0.042–0.046 | 0.0312–0.044 | 0.03–0.047 (0.038) | 0.023 – 0.04 (0.033) | 0.032–0.039 (0.034) | 0.029 – 0.037 (0.032) | |
0.027–0.030 | 0.0310–0.0448 | 0.022–0.041 (0.031) | 0.017 – 0.03 (0.025) | 32 | 0.021 – 0.032 (0.027) | |
(n=45) |
Legend: *= diameter
A histopathological analysis of the urinary vesicle of the female host revealed an accentuated and multifocal inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria submucosa associated with mild edema and slightly reactive fibrous tissue just below the mucosa. The inflammation was composed of macrophages, lymphocytes and rare heterophils randomly distributed characterizing chronic cystitis (Fig. 2).
The histopathology of the male host indicated the presence of a moderate mixed inflammatory infiltrate, composed of heterophils, macrophages and lymphocytes, multifocally distributed in the mucous and submucosal layer, with multifocal necrosis areas associated with inflammation, indicating mixed and ulcerative, moderate, multifocal cystitis (Fig. 3).
The genus
Two species are currently accepted for the genus, the first comprising
The parasites studied herein exhibited a body with a narrow anterior portion and enlarged posterior end, large testicles that overlap the caecum and pharynx displaying characteristics described by Campbell (2008) for the Gorgoderidae Looss 1899 family and Anaporrhutinae Looss, 1901 subfamily. In addition, they present vitellaria in the shape of partially extracecal rose petals and uterine loops on the posterior part of the body (“hindbody”), both intra and extracecal, characteristic for the genus (see Campbel, 2008), in addition to being identical to
The first description of
When analyzing sea turtles from Florida from 1991 to 2006, Greiner (2013) reported the presence of
In Brazil, Binotti et al., (2016) reported the parasitological analysis of 50
Microscopically, the lesions reported herein are similar to those described by Werneck et al. (2018), who described a chronic inflammatory process close to the mucosa associated with edema in a loggerhead turtle. In addition to lymphocytes and heterophiles, as described by Werneck et al. (2018). However, this inflammatory process was not associated with the cause of death of the assessed hosts in any of the reported cases.
Unfortunately, the helmintofauna of Olive Ridley turtles in the Brazilian region is still obscure due to the scarcity of published works and collected individuals, and, until now, only