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Space Flight Cultivation for Radish (Raphanus sativus) in the Advanced Plant Habitat

Susan John
Susan John
, 
Farid Abou-Issa
Farid Abou-Issa
 et 
Karl H. Hasenstein
Karl H. Hasenstein
   | 23 août 2021
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Article Category: Research Note
Publié en ligne: 23 août 2021
Pages: 121 - 132
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2021-0010
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© 2021 Susan John et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Cross sectional view of a packed SC. Not shown are porous tubes and moisture sensors embedded in the arcillite. The orthopedic foam was used to secure (slightly compress) the arcillite to prevent shifting during manipulations and eventual launch vibrations. SC, science carrier.
Cross sectional view of a packed SC. Not shown are porous tubes and moisture sensors embedded in the arcillite. The orthopedic foam was used to secure (slightly compress) the arcillite to prevent shifting during manipulations and eventual launch vibrations. SC, science carrier.

Figure 2

The SC quadrants with two five and nine planting positions (A). The individual planting positions show gauze covering OASIS (floral) foam. Darkening of the gauze is useful for assessing proper water dispensation into each quadrant (B). SC, science carrier.
The SC quadrants with two five and nine planting positions (A). The individual planting positions show gauze covering OASIS (floral) foam. Darkening of the gauze is useful for assessing proper water dispensation into each quadrant (B). SC, science carrier.

Figure 3

ICP-OES measurements of raw arcillite (no added fertilizer) after extraction with HCL (pH 3) and with 10 mM Tris/HCL buffer (pH 6). Large quantities are released under acid conditions but absent in at pH 6. Soluble ions were less than 1/10 of the acid extract.
ICP-OES measurements of raw arcillite (no added fertilizer) after extraction with HCL (pH 3) and with 10 mM Tris/HCL buffer (pH 6). Large quantities are released under acid conditions but absent in at pH 6. Soluble ions were less than 1/10 of the acid extract.

Figure 4

Mineral availability of arcillite infused with MS medium (un-used) and after the first and second growth cycles of radishes. MS, Murashige-Skoog.
Mineral availability of arcillite infused with MS medium (un-used) and after the first and second growth cycles of radishes. MS, Murashige-Skoog.

Figure 5

Radish seedlings grown on the SC quadrant with lid containing slits and lined with “Capillary Matting “Cap-Mat” (A). The Cap-Mat resulted in restricted radish bulb development (B). SC, science carrier.
Radish seedlings grown on the SC quadrant with lid containing slits and lined with “Capillary Matting “Cap-Mat” (A). The Cap-Mat resulted in restricted radish bulb development (B). SC, science carrier.

Figure 6

The bi-phasic water consumption of radishes cultivated in arcillite. The average of three representative experiments with five plants each growing in the same volume as a SC quadrant (dashed line). The water loss experienced by the plants and substrate remains constant during the first 10 days (red line); then plant-based enhanced transpiration increases (blue line). The dotted line approximates water consumption as a binomial function. SC, science carrier.
The bi-phasic water consumption of radishes cultivated in arcillite. The average of three representative experiments with five plants each growing in the same volume as a SC quadrant (dashed line). The water loss experienced by the plants and substrate remains constant during the first 10 days (red line); then plant-based enhanced transpiration increases (blue line). The dotted line approximates water consumption as a binomial function. SC, science carrier.

Figure 7

Moisture readings from the EVT, (A) and a second EVT (B). The tracings show higher moisture readings for the lower sensors in all four quadrants. The more uniform tracings in (B) indicate better hardware performance than in (A). However, greater water demand toward the end of the culture time shows larger fluctuations, especially in (A). A strong drop in moisture readings especially for the lower sensors indicated plant water stress. The legend applies to A and B and describes the measurements of the moisture sensors in the SC quadrants 1 to 4 (Q) of the upper (up) and lower (low) sensor, respectively. EVT, experimental verification test; SC, science carrier.
Moisture readings from the EVT, (A) and a second EVT (B). The tracings show higher moisture readings for the lower sensors in all four quadrants. The more uniform tracings in (B) indicate better hardware performance than in (A). However, greater water demand toward the end of the culture time shows larger fluctuations, especially in (A). A strong drop in moisture readings especially for the lower sensors indicated plant water stress. The legend applies to A and B and describes the measurements of the moisture sensors in the SC quadrants 1 to 4 (Q) of the upper (up) and lower (low) sensor, respectively. EVT, experimental verification test; SC, science carrier.

Figure 8

Mineral (A) and nitrogen contents (B) from radish leaves and bulbs. Importantly, the higher mineral and nitrogen content of leaves than bulbs suggest that leaves be used as food source. The average nitrogen content (dashed lines in B) is about twice as high in leaves than in bulbs.
Mineral (A) and nitrogen contents (B) from radish leaves and bulbs. Importantly, the higher mineral and nitrogen content of leaves than bulbs suggest that leaves be used as food source. The average nitrogen content (dashed lines in B) is about twice as high in leaves than in bulbs.

Seed sanitation* and percentage of germination of Raphanus sativus var. “Cherry Belle” after 1 day and 3 days.

Treatment 1 day 3 days None
Bleach (10 min), EtOH (5 min) 33% 0% 67%
Bleach (7 min), +24 h, EtOH (3 min) 43% 0% 57%
Bleach (7 min), +48 h, EtOH (3 min) 43% 40% 17%
Bleach (5 min) 100% 0% 0%
Bleach (7 min) 100% 0% 0%
Bleach (10 min) 93% 0% 7%
EtOH (10 s) 87% 0% 13%
EtOH (30 s) 97% 3% 0%
EtOH (1 min) 93% 7% 0%
EtOH (3 min) 90% 7% 3%
EtOH (5 min) 83% 7% 10%
Bleach, (5 min) and EtOH (1 min) 91% 8% 0%
EtOH (1 min) and Bleach (5 min) 93% 3% 3%

MS medium with* and without chloride (MS-Cl).

Components mg/L mM
MS* MS-Cl Ion MS MS-Cl
Ammonium nitrate 1650 1450 NH4 20.6147 18.1170
NO3 39.4080 39.8741
Boric acid 6.2 6.2 B 0.1003 0.1003
Calcium chloride anhydrous 332.2 – Ca 2.9933 2.9648
Ca(NO3)2 × 4H2O – 700 K 20.0474 20.0474
Cobalt sulfate × 7H2O – 0.028 Co 0.0001 0.0001
Cupric sulfate × 5H2O 0.025 0.025 Cu 0.0001 0.0001
Na2-EDTA 37.26 37.26 Na 0.2002 0.2002
Ferrous sulfate × 7H2O 27.8 27.8 Fe 0.1000 0.1000
Magnesium sulfate anhydrous 180.7 180.7 Mg 1.5012 1.5012
Manganese sulfate × H2O 16.9 16.9 Mn 0.1000 0.1000
Molybdic acid (NH4 salt) × 4H2O – 1.25 Mo 0.0010 0.0010
Potassium iodide 0.83 0.83 I 0.0050 0.0050
Potassium nitrate 1900 1900 P 1.2491 1.2491
Potassium phosphate monobasic 170 170 Zn 0.0299 0.0299
Zinc sulfate × 7H2O 8.6 8.6 SO4 1.7312 1.7313
Cl− 2.9934 0.0000
Grams of salts to prepare 1 L 4.3 4.5

Mineral content of radish leaves and storage tissue (bulbs) in mg/g fresh weight ± SD. The numbers in brackets indicate the number of plants per SC quadrant for the respective tissue.

Al K Mg Ca Fe Na Si P
Bulb [5] 1.07±0.01 295.6±8.7 23.4±0.3 18.8±0.2 0.66±0.07 17.0±0.6 1.02±0.04 15.6±0.4
Leaves [5] 1.05±0.01 460.4±12 169.5±4.6 149.6±3.3 0.94±0.02 21.9±0.6 2.38±0.05 23.2±0.5
Bulb [9] 0.97±0.01 295.4±7.3 30.3±0.4 18.9±0.3 0.32±0.03 13.6±0.4 0.73±0.03 11.7±0.3
Leaves [9] 1.04±0.01 336.7±7.8 182.2±4.2 168.4±3.7 0.65±0.02 18.8±0.5 2.04±0.05 17.8±0.4

Tests of germination rate and percentage of different varieties of Raphanus sativus from sources (1 and 2) shown below.

Germination
Fast (1 day) Slow (3 days) None
Organic Sparkler White top Radish1 23% 23% 53%
Organic Purple Plum Radish1 57% 0% 43%
Organic German Giant Radish1 63% 10% 27%
Organic Champion Radish1 97% 0% 3%
Cherry Belle Radish1 97% 0% 3%
Roxanne F1 Hybrid Round Radish2 70% 13% 17%
Sora OG, Round Radish2 87% 7% 7%
Rudolph OG, Round Radish2 67% 23% 10%
Rover F1, Hybrid Round Radish2 90% 10% 0%

Biomass and leaf area per SC quadrant containing five or nine radish plants (averages ± SE).

Total Mass, g Radish, g Leaf, g Leaf area, cm2
N = 5 23.4±4.6 12.5±2.3 13.9±1.5 271.3±28.3
N = 9 12.5±3.1 5.8±2.0 7.4±1.3 135.9±22.0

Lighting schedules used in different ground control tests and the resultant radish biomass*.

Experiment White [4100 K] Blue [455 nm] Green [530 nm] Red [627 nm] Far Red [735 nm] Avg. Radish mass, g
SVT (5/16/19–6/13/19) 490 0 70 220 0 9.1
ΔSVT (10/3/19–10/30/19) 490 0 70 220 0 9.8
EVT (11/20/19–12/16/19) 460 30 50 220 20 4.4
ΔEVT (5/26/20–6/22/20) 335 310 60 20 0 13.9
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