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Assessment of Membrane-Aerated Biological Reactors (MABRs) for Integration into Space-Based Water Recycling System Architectures

Dylan Christenson
Dylan Christenson
, 
Ritesh Sevanthi
Ritesh Sevanthi
, 
Audra Morse
Audra Morse
 et 
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson
   | 21 juil. 2020
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Article Category: Research Article
Publié en ligne: 21 juil. 2020
Pages: 12 - 27
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2018-0007
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© 2018 Dylan Christenson et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

(A) CoMANDR schematic and liquid and gas flow path and (B) expansion of single membrane to illustrate counter-diffusion.
(A) CoMANDR schematic and liquid and gas flow path and (B) expansion of single membrane to illustrate counter-diffusion.

Figure 2

CoMANDR reactor and peripherals schematic (Christenson et al., 2013): (1) Influent Tank; (2) Influent Pump; (3) Check Valve; (4) Liquid Pressure Transducer; (5) pH probe; (6) Recycle Pump; (7) Liquid Pressure Relief Valve; (8) Sonde Multi-probe (pH, DO, TDS); (9) Pressure Dissipating Solenoid; (10) Screen; (11) Pressure Regulation Valve; (12) Effluent Tank; (13) Bioreactor; (14) O2 Cylinder; (15) Gas Cylinder Regulator; (16) Mass Flow Controller; (17) Air Cylinder; (18) Gas Mass Flowmeter; (19) Gas Relief Valve; (20) Gas Pressure Transducer; (21) Mass Flow Controller; (22) Desiccant Column; (23)% O2, %CO2 sensor.
CoMANDR reactor and peripherals schematic (Christenson et al., 2013): (1) Influent Tank; (2) Influent Pump; (3) Check Valve; (4) Liquid Pressure Transducer; (5) pH probe; (6) Recycle Pump; (7) Liquid Pressure Relief Valve; (8) Sonde Multi-probe (pH, DO, TDS); (9) Pressure Dissipating Solenoid; (10) Screen; (11) Pressure Regulation Valve; (12) Effluent Tank; (13) Bioreactor; (14) O2 Cylinder; (15) Gas Cylinder Regulator; (16) Mass Flow Controller; (17) Air Cylinder; (18) Gas Mass Flowmeter; (19) Gas Relief Valve; (20) Gas Pressure Transducer; (21) Mass Flow Controller; (22) Desiccant Column; (23)% O2, %CO2 sensor.

Figure 3

Overall carbon and nitrogen transformation efficiencies, reaction rates, pH, and dissolved oxygen vs. loading rate as indicated by hydraulic retention time (θ) for CoMANDR 265 and 200 treating an early planetary base wastewater.
Overall carbon and nitrogen transformation efficiencies, reaction rates, pH, and dissolved oxygen vs. loading rate as indicated by hydraulic retention time (θ) for CoMANDR 265 and 200 treating an early planetary base wastewater.

Figure 4

Continuous vs. intermittent operation results on efficiency and effluent pH of CoMANDR 200 at uniform loading rate of 20 liters/day. Overall performance efficiencies were maintained during intermittent operation.
Continuous vs. intermittent operation results on efficiency and effluent pH of CoMANDR 200 at uniform loading rate of 20 liters/day. Overall performance efficiencies were maintained during intermittent operation.

Figure 5

CoMANDR 200 effluent DO, pH, and gas O2 and CO2 % fluctuations in response to intermittent loading.
CoMANDR 200 effluent DO, pH, and gas O2 and CO2 % fluctuations in response to intermittent loading.

Figure 6

Total effluent gas flow vs. carbon and nitrogen efficiency and effluent liquid and gas composition.
Total effluent gas flow vs. carbon and nitrogen efficiency and effluent liquid and gas composition.

Figure 7

Hibernation performance: daily values of DOC, NO2−, NO3−, and pH for reactor systems (A) CoMANDR 265; (B) CoMANDR 200. Carbon oxidation and nitrification efficiencies are recovered within 1 week after resumption of operation.
Hibernation performance: daily values of DOC, NO2−, NO3−, and pH for reactor systems (A) CoMANDR 265; (B) CoMANDR 200. Carbon oxidation and nitrification efficiencies are recovered within 1 week after resumption of operation.

Wastewater Composition.

Wastewater ComponentVolume/Day-Crew Member (L)Constituents
Urine*1.5N/A
Hygiene#7.2Organics: Neutrogena shaving cream, Oragel or Arm and Hammer toothpaste, No-Rinse body wash, 13 other compounds**Inorganics: Sodium Chloride, Ammonium Bicarbonate, Sodium Sulfate, Potassium Phosphate Monohydrate Tribasic, Potassium Fluoride
Humidity Condensate#1.95Organics: Ethanol, 1–2 Propanediol, Acetic Acid, 2-propanol, 22 other trace organics**Inorganics: Ammonium Bicarbonate, Potassium Fluoride, Potassium Chloride, Calcium Chloride Dihydride, Sodium Sulfate
Laundry#3.75Seventh Generation Free and Clear Detergent
Total14.4

Test Point Parameters. Key Influent and Effluent Parameters Along with Test Point Objectives and Characteristics for the CoMANDR 265 and CoMANDR 200 Modules.

Reactor ModuleTest Point ObjectiveDays in TestHydraulic Retention Time (O)Inf Organic Concentration (mg/L)Eff Organic Concentration (mg/L)Inf Nitrogen Concentration (mg/L)Eff Nitrogen Concentration (mg/L)Eff NO2-N (mg/L)Eff NO3-NEff NOx-N (mg/L)Eff NO2-N/Eff NOx-NEff pHDissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
CoMANDR 265Loading Rate322.652947710642231252560.906.7340.48
CoMANDR 265136.960443850592398114100.976.003.09
CoMANDR 265243.5539491008729363223850.946.501.91
CoMANDR 265Hibernation Study215.255043824643378123900.976.241.59
CoMANDR 26521Hibernation: recycle only
CoMANDR 265255.248957858643368374050.916.442.55
CoMANDR 265Intermittent Operation165.263542935722359173760.956.572.37
CoMANDR 200Gas Composition325.539856828748343253670.936.557.24
CoMANDR 200105.536151664724363213830.956.629.43
CoMANDR 20075.531448763694344203640.956.7310.28
CoMANDR 200145.548751786755254232770.927.2133.13
CoMANDR 200Hibernation Study95.5361130906819279793580.786.685.87
CoMANDR 20027Hibernation: recycle only
CoMANDR 200265.548493854782351213720.946.5331.71
CoMANDR 200Loading Rate105.533761744664325193440.956.608.17
CoMANDR 20094.463735761738346143600.966.556.36
CoMANDR 200133.67324488484416491730.957.272.39
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