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Effect of Incubation Time of Activated Vermiculite on the Biodegradation of Microcrystalline Cellulose

Shijia Wang

Shijia Wang

Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, Jiangxi Centre for Modern Apparel Engineering and TechnologyNanchang City, China
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Wang, Shijia
, 
Hongying Deng

Hongying Deng

Foshan City, China
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Deng, Hongying
, 
Wanhan Sun

Wanhan Sun

Foshan City, China
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Sun, Wanhan
, 
Yaoquan Xu

Yaoquan Xu

Foshan City, China
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Xu, Yaoquan
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Yanan Zhang

Yanan Zhang

Foshan City, China
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Zhang, Yanan
 et 
Chen Yang

Chen Yang

  • Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, Jiangxi Centre for Modern Apparel Engineering and TechnologyNanchang City, China
  • Foshan City, China
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Yang, Chen
  
02 juil. 2025
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Catégorie d'article: Research Article
Publié en ligne: 02 juil. 2025
Pages: 58 - 65
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2025-0006
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© 2025 Shijia Wang et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1.

Aerobic Biodegradation System FlowchartSource: Author's drawing
Aerobic Biodegradation System FlowchartSource: Author's drawing

Fig. 2.

Experimental System DiagramSource: Author's photo
Experimental System DiagramSource: Author's photo

Fig. 3.

Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the First Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 Day to 4 Days (1st Experiment)Source: Author's drawing
Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the First Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 Day to 4 Days (1st Experiment)Source: Author's drawing

Fig. 4.

Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the Second Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 to 4 Days (2nd Experiment)Source: Author's drawing
Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the Second Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 to 4 Days (2nd Experiment)Source: Author's drawing

Fig. 5.

Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the Third Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 to 4 Days (3rd Experiment)Source: Author's drawing
Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the Third Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 to 4 Days (3rd Experiment)Source: Author's drawing

CO2 Production in Blank Group for 10 Days, mg/g Volatile Solids (Average)

Types of Inoculum Incubation Time of Activated Vermiculite
1d 2d 3d 4d
1st 574.08 455.14 392.64 354.90
2nd 515.61 414.52 402.13 388.54
3rd 673.61 384.11 357.82 349.62
Avg 587.77 417.92 384.20 364.35

Experimental Instrument Information

Instrument Name Model Manufacturer
Total Organic Carbon Analyzer enviro TOC Elementar Trading Co., Ltd (Shanghai)
Intelligent Muffle Furnace MFLC-16/12P Tianjin Test Instrument Co., Ltd.
Handheld Gas Detector APES-Z2-F Shenzhen Ampel Technology Co., Ltd.

Experimental Reagent Information

Component Batch Number Manufacturer
Tryptic Soy Broth 1114012 Beijing Land Bridge Technology Co., Ltd.
CO(NH2)2 2203302 Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.
Corn Starch C13665033 Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd.
Cellulose 20220105 Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
KH2PO4 20210901 Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.
MgSO4 B2112221 Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.
CaCl2 20220103 Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory
NaCl B2202282 Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.
H3BO3 20220311 Tianjin Yongda Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
KI C13184641 Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd.
FeCl3 20230103 Fortune (Tianjin) Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
MnSO4 20220115 Tianjin Yongda Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
(NH4)6Mo7O24 2203052 Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.
FeSO4 B2202181 Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.

Inoculum Physicochemical Properties

Types of Inoculum Parameter Incubation Time of Activated Vermiculite
0d 1d 2d 3d 4d
1st Volatile Solids Content, % 16.51 13.57 12.11 10.00 9.52
Total Organic Carbon Content, % 5.33 4.91 3.90 2.87 1.00
2nd Volatile Solids Content, % 15.79 10.71 8.80 9.31 8.95
Total Organic Carbon Content, % 5.26 4.11 3.01 2.61 1.64
3rd Volatile Solids Content, % 18.70 12.34 10.00 10.47 8.65
Total Organic Carbon Content, % 5.25 3.89 3.53 2.66 1.96

Summary of Percentage Biodegradation Results of Microcrystalline Cellulose over 15 Days

Biodegradation Experiment Repeats Percentage Biodegradation of Microcrystalline Cellulose on the 15th Day, %
Pre-incubation 1d Pre-incubation 2d Pre-incubation 3d Pre-incubation 4d
1st 64.9 21.5 14.2 15.5
2nd 27.9 41.9 40.4 38.7
3rd 29.1 36.9 50.2 29.6
Avg 40.6 33.4 34.9 27.9
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Affaires et économie, Gestion d'entreprise, Informatique d'entreprises, Gestion des processus, Chimie industrielle, Cellulose, papier et textiles, Science et technologie des polymères, Sciences des matériaux, Biomatériaux et matériaux naturels
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