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Knitted Heating Mats

Katarzyna Pieklak
Katarzyna Pieklak
, 
Zbigniew Mikołajczyk
Zbigniew Mikołajczyk
 et 
Julianna Łopińska
Julianna Łopińska
   | 15 déc. 2023
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Article Category: Research Article
Publié en ligne: 15 déc. 2023
Pages: 39 - 50
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2023-0053
Mots clés
© 2023 Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź Institute of Technology, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1.

Diagram of 1×1 rib stitch used in the construction of the heating mat
Diagram of 1×1 rib stitch used in the construction of the heating mat

Fig. 2.

Characteristics of the threads used for manufacturing knitted fabric
Characteristics of the threads used for manufacturing knitted fabric

Fig. 3.

Schematic diagram of heating mat M1 and parallel connection of resistors
Schematic diagram of heating mat M1 and parallel connection of resistors

Fig. 4.

Supplying power to carbon strips: a) full, b) selective c) real view of the system
Supplying power to carbon strips: a) full, b) selective c) real view of the system

Fig. 5.

Knitted fabric with six heating strips with a varying number of courses made of carbon yarn
Knitted fabric with six heating strips with a varying number of courses made of carbon yarn

Fig. 6.

Measuring resistance of a fabric with a constant width of 22 cm
Measuring resistance of a fabric with a constant width of 22 cm

Fig. 7.

Graph of resistance changes depending on the change of width of the carbon strip
Graph of resistance changes depending on the change of width of the carbon strip

Fig. 8.

Schematic drawing of short-circuit points in the structure of the knitted loop
Schematic drawing of short-circuit points in the structure of the knitted loop

Fig. 9.

Dependence of the power of courses made of carbon threads as a function of the voltage increase
Dependence of the power of courses made of carbon threads as a function of the voltage increase

Fig. 10.

Differences in thermal power depending on the calculation method
Differences in thermal power depending on the calculation method

Fig. 11.

Diagram of temperature dependence on the voltage change for strips made of carbon yarn with different numbers of courses
Diagram of temperature dependence on the voltage change for strips made of carbon yarn with different numbers of courses

Fig. 12.

Concept of highly flexible electrically conductive knitted fabric: a) conceptual idea, b) constructional assumptions of the fabric structure
Concept of highly flexible electrically conductive knitted fabric: a) conceptual idea, b) constructional assumptions of the fabric structure

Fig. 13.

Three-guide warp-knitted fabric built of weft stitches with electroconductive threads: a) schematic diagram of stitches, b) real 3D view of the stitch
Three-guide warp-knitted fabric built of weft stitches with electroconductive threads: a) schematic diagram of stitches, b) real 3D view of the stitch

Fig. 14.

Technology of manufacturing a knitted strip with carbon threads on a warp-knitting machine Karl Mayer type RL5NF
Technology of manufacturing a knitted strip with carbon threads on a warp-knitting machine Karl Mayer type RL5NF

Fig. 15.

Highly elastic strip with electrically conductive threads
Highly elastic strip with electrically conductive threads

Fig. 16.

Mechanical characteristics of the fabric in the stretching process
Mechanical characteristics of the fabric in the stretching process

Fig. 17.

Methodology of measuring resistance changes of electrically conductive threads in the process of stretching a knitted strip
Methodology of measuring resistance changes of electrically conductive threads in the process of stretching a knitted strip

Fig. 18.

Selected stages of the stretching cycle for a knitted fabric with electrically conductive threads
Selected stages of the stretching cycle for a knitted fabric with electrically conductive threads

Fig. 19.

Characteristics of resistance changes as a function of fabric elongation
Characteristics of resistance changes as a function of fabric elongation

Characteristics of M1 heating mat

Characteristics of M1 heating mat
Supply voltage 12 V
Power 32 W for full powering of the strips, 16 W for selective powering
Maximum heating temperature 60 °C
Mat dimensions 470×300 mm
Additional information The upper “patches” enable fastening the mat to the seat or back-rest

Values of thermal power for courses made of carbon threads

Width and resistance of the heating strip Supply voltage Power 1 (I×U), W Power 2 (I2·R), W Power 3 (U2/R), W
1 course 219 W U = 12 V 0.60 0.55 0.66
U = 24 V 2.64 2.65 2.63
2 courses 109 W U = 12 V 1.20 1.09 1.32
U = 24 V 5.52 5.77 5.28
3 courses 77 W U = 12 V 1.80 1.73 1.87
U = 24 V 8.16 8.90 7.48
4 courses 56 W U = 12 V 2.52 2.47 2.57
U = 24 V 11.52 12.90 10.29
5 courses 45 W U = 12 V 3.24 3.28 3.20
U = 24 V 14.88 17.30 12.80
6 courses 37 W U = 12 V 4.08 4.28 3.89
U = 24 V 18.96 23.09 15.57

Resistance measurements for individual heating strips of the fabric made of carbon yarn

Number of courses made of carbon yarn Length of the strip after 24-hour relaxation, cm Length of the course after stretching, cm Length increase, % Average resistance value of the strip after 24-hour relaxation, Ω Average resistance value of the strip after stretching, Ω Change in resistance value, %
1 15.0 22 47 219 179 -18.3
2 16.0 22 38 109 98 -9.7
3 16.5 22 33 77 73 -5.3
4 17.0 22 29 56 57 1.8
5 17.5 22 26 45 45 0.0
6 18.0 22 22 37 38 2.7

Selection of the number of carbon yarn strips and strips and courses made of cotton yarn in a knitted radiator

Variant Number of carbon yarn courses in 1 strip Number of cotton yarn courses in 1 strip Number of carbon yarn strips Equivalent resistance of the radiator, Riz, Ω Number of cotton yarn strips Number of remaining courses Heaating surface, % Current I, A Thermal power of the heater, PQi, W
1 5 8 13 3.46 12 74 69 2.70 25.2
2 5 9 13 3.46 12 62 74 2.70 25.2
3 5 10 13 3.46 12 50 79 2.70 25.2
4 5 8 8 5.62 7 139 41 1.68 15.9
5 5 8 9 5.00 8 126 46 1.91 18.2
6 5 8 10 4.50 9 113 52 2.11 20.0
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