Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model “PLS-SEM” to Predict Total Quality Management in UAE Higher Education: A Comprehensive Framework for Organizational Performance Enhancement

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Research gap and objective for the study (Source: Authors’ own research)

Research group	Research objectives
RG1: There appears to be a paucity of research on the conceptual framework for HEIs TQM implementation, particularly from the aspect of the UAE	RO1: Create a theoretical framework for HEIs employing TQM principles
	RO2: Conduct a detailed analysis and offer adaption methods

Factors adopted for variables of proposed theoretical framework (Source: Authors’ own research)

Variable	Factors’ classification	Factors’ description
TQM	TQM 1	Process approach
	TQM 2	Commitment and leadership
	TQM 3	Customer focus
	TQM 4	Staff competence
SQ	SQ1	Academic procedures
	SQ2	Nonacademic procedures
SS	SS1	Staff competence
	SS2	Faculty competence
ES	ES1	Work atmosphere
	ES2	Employee happiness
OP	OP1	Research output
	OP2	Teaching efficacy
	OP3	Community involvement

Discriminant validity using HTMT (Source: Authors’ own research)

Variable	Employee satisfaction	Organizational performance	Service quality	Student satisfaction	TQM
Employee satisfaction	-	-	-	-	-
Organizational performance	0.153	-	-	-	-
Service quality	0.678	0.410	-	-	-
Student satisfaction	0.689	0.202	0.647	-	-
TQM	0.592	0.208	0.683	0.460	-

Convergent validity using CR and AVE (Source: Authors’ own research)

Variable	Composite reliability	Average variance extracted (AVE)
Employee satisfaction	0.895	0.810
Organizational performance	0.836	0.719
Service quality	0.853	0.659
Student satisfaction	1.000	1.000
TQM	0.852	0.660