Root growth dynamics and productivity of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in response to fertilization and soil tillage

Amgain L.P., Singh A.K., 2001. Effect of integrated nutrient management on physico-chemical properties of calciorthent and systems yield under rice-wheat system. J. Inst. Agric Anim. Sci. 21(22), 43-53.Search in Google Scholar

Basra S.M.A., Iqbal S., Afzal I., 2014. Evaluating the response of nitrogen application on growth, development and yield of quinoa genotypes. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 16, 886-892.Search in Google Scholar

Bhargava A., Shukla S., Ohri D., 2006. Chenopodium quinoa ‒ An Indian perspective. Ind. Crop. Prod. 23, 73-87.10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.04.002Search in Google Scholar

Bilalis D.J., Karkanis A., Papastylianou P., Patsiali S., Athanasopoulou M., Barla G., Kakabouki I., 2010. Response of organic linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) to the combination of tillage systems, (minimum, conventional and no-tillage) and fertilization practices: Seed and oil yield production. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 4(9), 700-705.Search in Google Scholar

Bilalis D., Kakabouki I., Karkanis A., Travlos I., Triantafyllidis V., Hela D., 2012. Seed and saponin production of organic quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) for different tillage and fertilization. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca 40(1), 42-46.10.15835/nbha4017400Search in Google Scholar

Busari M.A., Salako F.K., 2015. Soil hydraulic properties and maize root growth after application of poultry manure under different tillage systems in Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 61, 223-237.10.1080/03650340.2014.924620Search in Google Scholar

Costa C., Dwyer L.M., Zhou X., Dutilleul P., Hamel C., Reid L.M., Smith D.L., 2002. Root morphology of contrasting maize genotypes. Agron. J. 94, 96-101.10.2134/agronj2002.9600Search in Google Scholar

Daraghmeh O.A., Jensen J.R., Petersen C.T., 2009. Soil structure stability under conventional and reduced tillage in a sandy loam. Geoderma 150, 64-71.10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.01.007Search in Google Scholar

Drew M.C., 1975. Comparison of the effects of localized supply of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, and potassium on the growth of the seminal root system and shoot of barley. New Phytol. 75, 470-490.10.1111/j.1469-8137.1975.tb01409.xSearch in Google Scholar

Evans J., 1983. Nitrogen and Photosynthesis in the Flag Leaf of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Physiol. 72, 297-302.10.1104/pp.72.2.297106622716662996Search in Google Scholar

Fageria N.K., dos Santos A.B., 2013. Lowland rice growth and development and nutrient uptake during growth cycle. J. Plant Nutr. 36, 1841-1852.10.1080/01904167.2013.816727Search in Google Scholar

Flint A., Flint L.E., 2002. Particle density. In: Laboratory Methods, Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4 - Physical Methods, SSA Book Series: 5. W.A. Dick (Ed.), SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, 229-240.10.2136/sssabookser5.4.c10Search in Google Scholar

Garton R.W., Widders I.E., 1990. N and P preconditioning of small plug seedlings influences growth and yield of processing tomatoes. HortScience 25, 655-657.10.21273/HORTSCI.25.6.655Search in Google Scholar

Geren H., 2015. Effects of different nitrogen levels on the grain yield and some yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Turk. J. Field Crops 20, 59-64.10.17557/.39586Search in Google Scholar

Gomaa E.F., 2013. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and biofertilizers on quinoa plant. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 9, 5210-5222.Search in Google Scholar

Gonzalez J.A., Konishi Y., Bruno M., Valoy M., Pradoc F.E., 2012. Interrelationships among seed yield, total protein and amino acid composition of ten quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivars from two different agro-ecological regions. J. Sci. Food Agric. 92, 1222-1229.10.1002/jsfa.4686Search in Google Scholar

Goss M.J., Kay B.D., 2005. Soil aggregation. In: Roots and Soil Management: Interactions Between Roots and the Soil. R.W. Zobel and S.F. Wright (Eds), ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, 163-180.10.2134/agronmonogr48.c9Search in Google Scholar

Gregory P.J., 1994. Root growth and activity. In: Physiology and Determination of Crop Yield. G.A. Peterson (Ed.), ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, 65-93.10.2134/1994.physiologyanddetermination.c5Search in Google Scholar

Hansson A.C., Andren O., 1987. Root dynamics in barley, lucerne, and meadow fescue investigated with a minirhizotron technique. Plant Soil 103, 33-38.10.1007/BF02370664Search in Google Scholar

Jacobsen S.E., 2003. The worldwide potential for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Rev. Int. 19, 167-177.10.1081/FRI-120018883Search in Google Scholar

Jacobsen S.E., Jensen C.R., Redersen H., 2005. Use of the relative vegetation index for growth estimation in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). J. Food Agric. Environ. 3(2), 169-175.Search in Google Scholar

Kakabouki I., Bilalis D., Karkanis A., Zervas G., Tsiplakou E., Hela D., 2014. Effects of fertilization and tillage system on growth and crude protein content of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An alternative forage. Emir. J. Food Agric. 26(1), 18-24.10.9755/ejfa.v26i1.16831Search in Google Scholar

Kakabouki I.P., Hela D., Roussis I., Papastylianou P., Sestras A.F., Bilalis D.J., 2018. Influence of fertilization and soil tillage on nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of quinoa crop (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 18(1), 220-235.10.4067/S0718-95162018005000901Search in Google Scholar

Kammann C.I., Linsel S., Gössling J.W., Koyro H.W., 2011. Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and on soil-plant relations. Plant Soil 345, 195-210.10.1007/s11104-011-0771-5Search in Google Scholar

Kokko E.G., Volkmar K.M., Gowen B., Entz T., 1993. Determination of total root surface area in soil core samples by image analysis. Soil Till. Res. 26, 33-43.10.1016/0167-1987(93)90084-3Search in Google Scholar

Kucharik C.J., Brye K.R., Norman J.M., Foley J.A., Gower S.T., Bundy L.G., 2001. Measurements and modeling of carbon and nitrogen cycling in agroecosystems of southern Wisconsin: Potential for SOC sequestration during the next 50 years. Ecosystems 4, 237-258.10.1007/s10021-001-0007-2Search in Google Scholar

Lal R., 1989. Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture: tropics vs. temperate environments. Adv. Agron. 42, 85-197.10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60524-6Search in Google Scholar

Meng L., Ding W., Cai Z., 2005. Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on N₂O emissions, soil quality and crop production in a sandy loam soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37, 2037-2045.10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.03.007Search in Google Scholar

Merrill S.D., Tanaka D.L., Hanson J.D., 2002. Root length growth of eight crop species in haplustoll soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66, 913-923.10.2136/sssaj2002.9130Search in Google Scholar

Osaki M., Shinano T., Matsumoto M., Zheng T., Tadano T. 1997. A root-shoot interaction hypothesis for high productivity of field crops. In: Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment. T. Ando, K. Fujita, T. Mae, H. Matsumoto, S. Mori and J. Sekiya (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 669-674.10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_215Search in Google Scholar

Pagliai M., Vignozzi N., Pellegrini S., 2004. Soil structure and the effect of management practices. Soil Till. Res. 79, 131-143.10.1016/j.still.2004.07.002Search in Google Scholar

Papastylianou P., Kakabouki I., Tsiplakou E., Travlos I., Bilalis D., Hela D., et al., 2014. Effects of fertilization on yield and quality of biomass of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and green amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 71(2), 287-292.10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:10411Search in Google Scholar

Sainju U.M., Singh B.P., Whitehead W.F., 2005. Tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization effects on cotton and sorghum root biomass, carbon, and nitrogen. Agron. J. 97, 1279-1290.10.2134/agronj2004.0213Search in Google Scholar

Shams A.S., 2012. Response of quinoa to nitrogen fertilizer rates under sandy soil conditions. Proc. 13^th Int. Conf. Agron., 9-10 September, Fac. of Agric., Benha Univ., Egypt, 195-205.Search in Google Scholar

Sosa-Zuniga V., Brito V., Fuentes F., Steinford U., 2017. Phenological growth stages of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) based on the BBCH scale. Ann. Appl. Biol. 171, 117-124.10.1111/aab.12358Search in Google Scholar

Thangaraj M., O’tolle J.C., De Datta S.K., 1990. Root response to water stress in rainfed lowland rice. Exp. Agric. 26, 287-296.10.1017/S0014479700018445Search in Google Scholar

Van Bavel C.M., 1949. MWD of soil aggregates as a statistical index of aggregation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 14, 20-23.10.2136/sssaj1950.036159950014000C0005xSearch in Google Scholar

Varvel G.E., Wilhelm W.W., 2010. Long-term soil organic carbon as affected by tillage and cropping systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74, 915-921.10.2136/sssaj2009.0362Search in Google Scholar

Zhang M.K., Fang L.P., 2007. Effect of tillage, fertilizer and green manure cropping on soil quality at an abandoned brick making site. Soil Till. Res. 93, 87-93.10.1016/j.still.2006.03.016Search in Google Scholar