Programmed Death-Ligand 1, C-reactive Protein, and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as Lymphangiogenesis Markers of Metastasis in Penile Cancer – A Systematic Review
I Wayan Yudiana
Profil Orcid, Stacia Novia Marta
Profil Orcid, Ronald Sugianto
Profil Orcid et Anak Agung Wiradewi Lestari
Profil Orcid 
Catégorie d'article: Research Article
Publié en ligne: 01 janv. 2024
Pages: 25 - 34
Reçu: 19 juin 2023
Accepté: 06 nov. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2023-0010
Mots clés
© 2023 I Wayan Yudiana et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Introduction
The spread of penile cancer cells through lymphatic vessels provides the potential for using compounds involved in lymphangiogenesis, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and Ki-67, in predicting the development of lymphatic metastases in penile cancer.
Methods
The systematic review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. A literature search was conducted using the medical literature database PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, and EBSCOHost for studies published until February 7, 2023.
Results
Among 527 studies identified in the literature, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria and became eligible studies. PD-L1, CRP, and NLR are biomarkers which are proven to be significantly associated with an increased risk of high-grade tumor and lymphatic metastasis in penile cancer.
Conclusion
PD-L1, CRP, and NLR are biomarkers that might be used to assess the risk or likelihood of developing lymphatic metastases in penile cancer.