Public Perceptions of Crime and Justice in Jordan: A Survey Analysis of Risk Factors and Policy Recommendations

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Construct	Measurement	Sources
Perceptions of justice (PJ)	Assessment of youth perceptions regarding the effectiveness and fairness of the justice system	Fine et al. (2020); Brisman (2022); Cavanagh et al. (2022)
Agency coordination (AC)	Evaluation of the effectiveness of coordination among various agencies in addressing youth crime issues	Cobbina et al. (2020); Case et al. (2020)
Policy alignment (PA)	Analysis of how well youth crime and justice policies align with broader societal priorities	Barretto et al. (2018); Aizpurua et al. (2020)
Government role (GR)	Measurement of the government’s role in promoting effective youth crime prevention and justice strategies	Harris & Jones (2020); Duke et al. (2020)
Framework improvement (FI)	Identification of specific areas within youth justice frameworks that need enhancement to better address community needs	Laberge et al. (2024); Vendetti (2012)

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Statement	Strongly disagree	Disagree	Neutral	Agree	Strongly agree
“Communication between agencies involved in youth justice is strong”
“Collaborative efforts between agencies help reduce youth crime”
“I see agencies sharing information about youth crime effectively”
“There are regular meetings between agencies to discuss youth crime issues”
“Youth justice policies reflect the needs of the community”
“Policies on youth crime are in line with broader social goals”
“I believe that youth justice policies are effective in addressing youth issues”
“The policies consider the perspectives of young people”
“There is consistency in policies related to youth justice”
“Youth justice policies are regularly reviewed and updated”
“The government plays an active role in promoting youth justice initiatives”
“I feel the government adequately supports programs for at-risk youth”
“There is sufficient oversight of youth justice policies by the government”
“Government agencies are responsive to the needs of youth in the justice system”
“I trust that the government prioritizes youth safety in its policies”
“Government funding is sufficient for effective youth crime prevention programs”
“The current youth justice framework effectively addresses youth needs”
“There are clear areas in the youth justice system that require improvement”
“I believe that enhancing the youth justice framework would improve outcomes for youth”
“Feedback from youth is actively sought to improve the justice framework”
“I feel that the framework is flexible enough to adapt to changing youth issues”
“Ongoing training for professionals in the youth justice system is necessary”
“Communication between agencies involved in youth justice is strong”
“Collaborative efforts between agencies help reduce youth crime”
“I see agencies sharing information about youth crime effectively”
“There are regular meetings between agencies to discuss youth crime issues”
“Youth justice policies reflect the needs of the community”
“Policies on youth crime are in line with broader social goals”
“I believe that youth justice policies are effective in addressing youth issues”
“The policies consider the perspectives of young people”

Demographic Study of the Respondents_

Variables of demographics	Grouping	Number of people who responded	Proportion
Gender	Male	180	53.57%
	Female	156	46.43%
Age	20–30	100	29.76%
	31–40	120	35.71%
	41–50	85	25.30%
	51 and above	31	9.24%
Experience	Less than 5 years	90	26.79%
	5–10 years	140	41.67%
	11–20 years	85	25.30%
	More than 20 years	21	6.25%
Youth position level	Junior youth	120	35.71%
	Mid-level youth	115	34.21%
	Senior youth	76	22.62%
	Executive youth	25	7.46%
Crime and justice awareness	Familiar with crime policies	Yes	70.54%
	Involved in crime initiatives	Yes	50.30%
	Received crime awareness training	Yes	60.71%
	Utilizes crime prevention strategies	Yes	45.54%

Descriptive Analysis_

Construct	Item	Mean	SD	Median	Mode	VIP	Cronbach’s α
Perceptions of justice	PJ1	3.55	0.54	3.5	3.5	1.2	0.88
	PJ2	3.5	0.56	3.5	3.5	1.17	0.85
	PJ3	3.65	0.51	3.6	3.6	1.22	0.9
	PJ4	3.45	0.59	3.4	3.4	1.18	0.73
	PJ5	3.6	0.52	3.6	3.6	1.21	0.84
	PJ6	3.55	0.5	3.5	3.5	1.19	0.82
Agency coordination	AC1	3.6	0.5	3.6	3.6	1.21	0.89
	AC2	3.5	0.55	3.5	3.5	1.2	0.85
	AC3	3.45	0.57	3.5	3.5	1.19	0.75
	AC4	3.55	0.53	3.5	3.5	1.24	0.76
	AC5	3.65	0.52	3.6	3.6	1.22	0.82
	AC6	3.5	0.54	3.5	3.5	1.2	0.78
Policy alignment	PA1	3.6	0.5	3.6	3.6	1.18	0.86
	PA2	3.5	0.54	3.5	3.5	1.2	0.74
	PA3	3.65	0.52	3.6	3.6	1.21	0.72
	PA4	3.55	0.55	3.5	3.5	1.19	0.73
	PA5	3.6	0.51	3.5	3.5	1.22	0.7
	PA6	3.55	0.53	3.5	3.5	1.18	0.69
Government role	GR1	3.7	0.52	3.7	3.7	1.22	0.88
	GR2	3.6	0.54	3.6	3.6	1.21	0.84
	GR3	3.5	0.53	3.5	3.5	1.2	0.76
	GR4	3.65	0.55	3.6	3.6	1.23	0.75
	GR5	3.55	0.5	3.5	3.5	1.18	0.77
	GR6	3.6	0.52	3.6	3.6	1.21	0.8
Framework improvement	FI1	3.8	0.5	3.8	3.8	1.25	0.87
	FI2	3.75	0.52	3.7	3.7	1.23	0.83
	FI3	3.85	0.54	3.8	3.8	1.26	0.81
	FI4	3.9	0.55	3.9	3.9	1.28	0.79
	FI5	3.8	0.5	3.8	3.8	1.25	0.82
	FI6	3.85	0.53	3.8	3.8	1.27	0.81

Matrix of Correlation_

Constructs	PJ	AC	PA	GR	FI
Perceptions of justice (PJ)	1	0.72	0.68	0.65	0.7
Agency coordination (AC)	0.72	1	0.62	0.61	0.66
Policy alignment (PA)	0.68	0.62	1	0.64	0.6
Government role (GR)	0.65	0.61	0.64	1	0.67
Framework improvement (FI)	0.7	0.66	0.6	0.67	1

Comparative Study of Youths’ Perspectives on Justice and Crime Systems_

Factors		Current perceptions of youth regarding crime and justice (%)	Effectiveness of coordination between agencies (%)	Alignment of crime policies with national priorities (%)	Perceived role of governmental bodies (%)	Key areas identified for improving frameworks (%)	Trust in law enforcement agencies (%)	Awareness of crime prevention programs (%)	Satisfaction with the justice system (%)	Impact of social media on perceptions of crime (%)
Countries
Middle Eastern countries	Jordan	45% Positive	50% Effective	55% Aligned	40% Supportive	70% Safety and security	50% Trust	55% Aware	45% Satisfied	65% Significant
	Egypt	50% Positive	45% Effective	50% Aligned	35% Supportive	60% Awareness	40% Trust	50% Aware	40% Satisfied	60% Significant
	Lebanon	55% Positive	55% Effective	60% Aligned	45% Supportive	65% Rehabilitation	55% Trust	60% Aware	50% Satisfied	70% Significant
	Iraq	40% Positive	40% Effective	45% Aligned	30% Supportive	65% Safety and security	45% Trust	50% Aware	35% Satisfied	60% Significant
	UAE	55% Positive	65% Effective	70% Aligned	50% Supportive	75% Safety and security	60% Trust	70% Aware	55% Satisfied	68% Significant
European countries	Germany	70% Positive	80% Effective	85% Aligned	90% Supportive	85% Rehabilitation	75% Trust	80% Aware	75% Satisfied	50% Significant
	France	75% Positive	75% Effective	80% Aligned	85% Supportive	80% Prevention	70% Trust	85% Aware	70% Satisfied	55% Significant
	Sweden	80% Positive	90% Effective	90% Aligned	95% Supportive	90% Safety and security	80% Trust	90% Aware	80% Satisfied	60% Significant
	UK	65% Positive	75% Effective	80% Aligned	85% Supportive	75% Rehabilitation	75% Trust	80% Aware	70% Satisfied	50% Significant
	Italy	70% Positive	70% Effective	75% Aligned	80% Supportive	75% Prevention	60% Trust	75% Aware	65% Satisfied	55% Significant
North American countries	USA	60% Positive	75% Effective	70% Aligned	80% Supportive	75% Prevention	65% Trust	70% Aware	65% Satisfied	70% Significant
	Canada	65% Positive	80% Effective	75% Aligned	85% Supportive	80% Awareness	70% Trust	75% Aware	70% Satisfied	65% Significant
Asian countries	Japan	55% Positive	65% Effective	60% Aligned	70% Supportive	65% Rehabilitation	55% Trust	60% Aware	55% Satisfied	60% Significant
	India	60% Positive	50% Effective	55% Aligned	60% Supportive	70% Safety and security	50% Trust	55% Aware	50% Satisfied	55% Significant
	South Korea	70% Positive	75% Effective	65% Aligned	75% Supportive	80% Awareness	65% Trust	70% Aware	75% Satisfied	62% Significant
	Indonesia	65% Positive	60% Effective	60% Aligned	70% Supportive	70% Safety and security	55% Trust	65% Aware	60% Satisfied	58% Significant

t-Test Study on Youths’ Perspective of Justice and Crime_

Questions	Original sample	T-statistics	p-Values
What are the current perceptions of youth regarding crime and justice in Jordan?	0.82	14.5	0.001
How effectively do youth perceive the coordination between various agencies in addressing crime and justice issues?	0.75	10.8	0.000
To what extent do youth believe that crime policies align with broader national priorities and social needs?	0.79	12.2	0.002
What role do youth see for governmental bodies in promoting democratic governance and accountability in the justice system?	0.81	15.4	0.002
What key areas do youth identify for improving crime and justice frameworks to enhance safety and security in Jordan?	0.77	9.7	0.000