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Diversification of student consumption during the pandemic - Albania, Poland and Portugal

Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca
Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca
, 
Nelson Duarte
Nelson Duarte
, 
Altin Kulli
Altin Kulli
 et 
Goci Enkelejda
Goci Enkelejda
   | 30 nov. 2022
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Publié en ligne: 30 nov. 2022
Pages: 309 - 322
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2022-0018
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© 2022 Małgorzata Grzywińska-Rąpca et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Variation place to shop before and during the pandemic

type of products location of purchase (variation= during minus before) Nationality (Country)
Albania Poland Portugal
Female Male Female Male Female Male
[%]
Food and non-alcoholic drinks Hypermarket −2.20 16.70 −4.20 −3.70 −6.90 −1.40
On-line 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 2.80 1.50
Small Shop (close to home) −2.20 0.00 1.80 3.70 −1.30 0.80
Supermarket 6.70 −12.50 1.40 0.00 5.60 −2.20
Alcoholic drinks and tobacco Hypermarket −2.20 0.00 −7.00 −4.60 −4.20 −2.90
On-line 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.75
Small Shop (close to home) −2.20 4.20 −3.20 −2.80 1.40 1.50
Supermarket 8.90 0.00 9.30 7.40 2.80 −1.50
Clothes and footwear Hypermarket −2.30 8.30 −0.70 −1.80 −13.90 −5.10
On-line 0.00 8.30 2.80 −1.00 33.30 15.50
Small Shop (close to home) 4.50 0.00 0.70 0.00 −15.30 −7.30
Supermarket 0.00 −12.50 −2.80 1.80 −4.20 −4.40
Cosmetics Hypermarket −2.20 8.30 −0.70 −7.40 −11.10 −3.70
On-line 2.20 0.00 2.50 −3.60 22.20 4.50
Small Shop (close to home) −4.40 0.00 1.00 1.00 −7.00 0.00
Supermarket 4.40 −4.20 −2.90 10.10 −4.20 −2.90
Personal hygiene items Hypermarket −6.60 4.20 −7.50 −6.40 −7.00 −2.90
On-line −4.40 4.20 2.10 1.80 8.30 1.50
Small Shop (close to home) 6.70 0.00 2.10 1.80 −2.80 −0.70
Supermarket 11.20 0.00 3.20 2.70 0.00 0.80
Household Chemicals Hypermarket 8.90 8.30 13.10 14.70 44.40 36.00
On-line −2.20 0.00 5.60 1.90 1.40 1.50
Small Shop (close to home) 6.70 0.00 1.70 1.80 0.00 0.00
Supermarket 4.40 4.20 −0.70 6.40 1.40 −0.80

Relationship between where you shop before and during a pandemic

type of products Statistics Nationality (Country)
Albania Poland Portugal
Female Male Female Male Female Male
Food and non-alcoholic drinks Chi-kwadrat Pearsona Value 35,196 6,730 177,637 85,641 167,529 285,638
df 10 3 9 4 12 16
Asymptotic significance (two-sided) <.001 ,081 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
V Kramera Value ,625 ,871 ,458 ,627 ,881 ,725
Approximate significance <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
Alcoholic drinks and tobacco Chi-kwadrat Pearsona Value 44,563 39,260 267,537 79,069 193,833 354,956
df 10 6 9 4 9 16
Asymptotic significance (two-sided) <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
V Kramera Value 0.704 0.904 ,562 ,602 ,947 ,808
Approximate significance <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
Clothes and footwear Chi-kwadrat Pearsona Value 70,686 25,402 258,893 87,973 169,811 350,391
df 21 6 9 9 16 16
Asymptotic significance (two-sided) <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
V Kramera Value ,724 ,727 ,553 ,519 ,768 ,803
Approximate significance <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
Cosmetics Chi-kwadrat Pearsona Value 46,725 40,406 309,054 106,152 184,008 365,397
df 15 8 9 9 16 16
Asymptotic significance (two-sided) <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
V Kramera Value ,588 ,917 ,604 ,570 ,799 ,820
Approximate significance <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
Personal hygiene items Chi-kwadrat Pearsona Value 39,259 11,257 264,285 150,115 133,637 291,304
df 12 6 9 9 16 16
Asymptotic significance (two-sided) <.001 ,081 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
V Kramera Value ,660 ,484 ,559 ,678 ,681 ,732
Approximate significance <.001 ,081 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
Household Chemicals Chi-kwadrat Pearsona Value 33,622 14,232 224,144 129,318 192,771 342,632
df 12 3 9 9 12 16
Asymptotic significance (two-sided) <.001 ,003 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
V Kramera Value ,611 ,770 ,515 ,629 ,794 ,791
Approximate significance <.001 ,003 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001

Changes in the level of spending in the pandemic

Considering the monthly expenses The characteristics of the change Nationality (Country)
Albania Poland Portugal
Female Male Female Male Female Male
[%]
Books, newspapers, magazines Decreased 35.6 37.5 95.7 89.0 20.8 9.6
Increased 11.1 25.0 0.4 3.7 13.9 14.0
Kept the same 53.3 37.5 3.9 7.3 65.3 74.3
Cinema, Theater, Phillarmonic Hall, Museum Decreased 57.8 45.8 50.0 52.3 68.1 42.6
Increased 6.7 33.3 12.8 11.9 1.4 5.9
Kept the same 35.6 20.8 37.2 35.8 30.6 48.5
Music Decreased 28.9 20.8 63.5 67.9 38.9 13.2
Increased 15.6 20.8 15.2 16.5 6.9 20.6
Kept the same 55.6 58.3 21.3 15.6 54.2 61.8
Restaurants, Pubs, … Decreased 48.9 45.8 22.0 26.6 58.3 45.6
Increased 15.6 16.7 38.7 44.0 9.7 11.0
Kept the same 35.6 37.5 39.4 29.4 30.6 40.4
Gymn, Fitness, Swimming pool Decreased 42.2 41.7 60.6 53.2 63.9 37.5
Increased 15.6 16.7 9.9 18.3 4.2 19.1
Kept the same 42.2 41.7 29.4 28.4 31.9 39.0
Fees for cable, internet, streaming platforms Decreased 11.1 16.7 41.8 32.1 6.9 2.2
Increased 40.0 25.0 16.3 24.8 29.2 40.4
Kept the same 48.9 58.3 41.8 43.1 63.9 52.9
Hairdressing services Decreased 42.2 37.5 56.0 64.2 44.4 21.3
Increased 11.1 12.5 16.3 5.5 6.9 8.1
Kept the same 46.7 50.0 27.7 30.3 48.6 66.9
Beauty services Decreased 33.3 41.7 56.7 85.3 51.4 23.5
Increased 13.3 8.3 13.8 6.4 4.2 3.7
Kept the same 53.3 50.0 29.4 8.3 44.4 68.4
Relaxation treatments, SPA Decreased 44.4 45.8 84.0 89.9 52.8 25.7
Increased 11.1 20.8 5.7 3.7 4.2 3.7
Kept the same 44.4 33.3 10.3 6.4 43.1 65.4
Postgraduate studies Decreased 33.3 33.3 84.0 85.3 19.4 8.1
Increased 66.7 66.7 8.5 9.2 4.2 7.4
Kept the same 0.0 0.0 7.4 5.5 69.4 78.7
Language courses Decreased 44.4 54.2 89.0 85.3 18.1 8.8
Increased 55.6 45.8 3.5 5.5 11.1 10.3
Kept the same 0.0 0.0 7.4 9.2 65.3 74.3
Vocational Courses and Trainning Decreased 44.4 41.7 89.4 78.9 19.4 11.0
Increased 55.6 58.3 5.3 6.4 19.4 8.8
Kept the same 0.0 0.0 5.3 14.7 55.6 73.5

Summary of developments in education, trade and transport after the pandemic (April 2020) (timeframe)

Specification Albania Poland Portugal
Form of learning – exercises Face to face only On-line on-line
Form of learning – lectures Face to face only On-line on-line
Library accessibility Face to face with mask restrictions On-line Face to face with restrictions. Mandatory booking to collect the books, contactless procedure to return the books.
Trade In sanitary rigor (masks, distance) In sanitary rigor (masks, distance). Some establishments were closed, like pubs, or gyms, and some others like restaurants were only allowed to sell in take-away service. Mask, Distance, and a limited number of people according to the establishment dimension. Some establishments were closed, like pubs, or gyms, and some others like restaurants were only allowed to sell in take-away service.
Health COVID19 vaccination. The need for quarantine (14 days) after contact with an infected person; Mandatory tests for sars-cov 2 virus, to travel and to accede some places COVID19 vaccination; the need for quarantine (14 days) after contact with an infected person; the need to test for sars-cov 2 virus. COVID19 vaccination that started only in December 2020; The need for quarantine (14 days) after contact with an infected person; Mandatory tests for sars-cov 2 virus, to travel and to accede some places
Transport/Communication Mask, Distance, and limited number of people according to the transport capacity Mask, Distance, and limited number of people according to the transport capacity Mask, Distance, and limited number of people according to the transport capacity
Cultural institutions (Cinema, theatre) Closed In sanitary rigor (masks, distance) Closed

Change in the frequency of purchases after the pandemic

Has „one-time” quantity of products purchased during the pandemic changed? Nationality (Country)
Albania Poland Portugal
Female Male Female Male Female Male
[%]
Food and non-alcoholic drinks Decreased 8.9 12.5 5.7 4.6 4.2 4.4
Increased 20.0 25.0 27.3 27.5 12.5 14.0
Kept the same 71.1 62.5 67.0 67.9 81.9 80.1
Alcoholic drinks and tobacco Decreased 48.9 37.5 27.7 30.3 18.1 16.2
Increased 8.9 16.7 13.5 23.9 6.9 8.8
Kept the same 42.2 45.8 58.9 45.9 69.4 68.4
Clothes and footwear Decreased 24.4 37.5 58.9 43.1 37.5 29.4
Increased 20.0 8.3 14.2 10.1 9.7 10.3
Kept the same 55.6 54.2 27.0 46.8 51.4 58.8
Cosmetics Decreased 37.8 37.5 37.2 20.2 37.5 19.1
Increased 13.3 4.2 12.1 22.0 5.6 2.2
Kept the same 48.9 58.3 50.7 57.8 55.6 73.5
Personal hygiene items Decreased 4.4 8.3 5.0 10.1 1.4 4.4
Increased 51.1 41.7 26.2 27.5 15.3 25.0
Kept the same 44.4 50.0 68.8 62.4 81.9 69.1
Household Chemicals Decreased 6.7 8.3 6.0 8.3 2.8 6.6
Increased 53.3 58.3 21.6 17.4 22.2 14.0
Kept the same 40.0 33.3 72.3 74.3 73.6 75.7
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