Supply chain management is one of the effective ways to improve the competitiveness of logistics enterprises. Among them, planning supply chain distribution network to reduce logistics costs and improve response ability is an important work in supply chain management. Supply chain distribution network planning can be a strategic deployment or a specific operation, such as delivery frequency selection, inventory level setting, vehicle path planning, vehicle scheduling, etc.
An important problem that supply chain managers often need to solve at the operational level is vehicle routing problem (VRP), which was originally proposed by Dantzig and Ramser [1]. This is a milestone in logistics distribution management. Then, scholars put forward a series of expansion problems based on VRP. Among them, Bell et al. extended VRP by determining the optimal inventory level of depot (or customer), and put forward the inventory routing problem (IRP) [2]. Balakrishnan et al. put forward location routing problem (LRP) by combining depot location with vehicle routing planning [3]. With the aggravation of socialized division of labor in production, the concept of supply chain comes out. In order to solve the optimal problem of supply chain system, scholars proposed a new problem named the inventory location routing problem (ILRP) based on IRP. The operation efficiency of the whole supply chain network can be improved and the total cost can be reduced by optimizing the location, routing and inventory at the same time [4].
At present, the main research of ILRP includes two aspects: the distribution of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) and the connection of electronic distribution network. The distribution of FMCG mainly considers the distribution of perishable products [5–6] and the random demand of customers [7,8,9]. The connection of electronic distribution network is mainly aimed at the recyclable electronic supply chain [10], electronic commerce distribution system [11], as well as the strategy problems in the case of risk situation and interruption [12]. However, in general researches, scholars pay little attention to the customer's inventory problem, even considering the customer's inventory cost, it is also roughly treated as holding cost. In addition, few researches introduce strategies such as quick response, distribution integration and vendor managed inventory (VMI) into ILRP.
This paper introduced the VMI strategy into ILRP and applies it to the situation of customers with definite demand. The ILRP mathematical model established in this paper gives a more accurate representation of the customer's holding cost. An improved tabu search algorithm is used to solve the problem proposed in this paper, and the relationship between the number of vehicles, the capacity of each vehicles, the utilization of alternative vehicles and the total cost of the system are analyzed. The model of ILRP considering customer inventory holding cost is established in the section 2. Section 3 introduces an improved tabu search algorithm to solved the model. A case study is analyzed in section 4. Finally, in section 5, the main conclusions of this paper are summarized.
The following scenarios are assumed in this paper. A third-party logistics(3PL) supplier is responsible for providing logistics services for manufacturers (factories) producing single products, by transporting goods from the factory to one or more depots, storing them in the depot (if necessary), and then delivering them to customers with fixed demand rate.
It is supposed that 3PL supplier adopts VMI strategy, determines the frequency of customer delivery, and then determines which depot, inventory level, number of scheduled vehicles, scheduling time and vehicle path will be used. In addition, it is assumed that goods can be transported from the factory to each warehouse in one time. The capacity of the depot is sufficient to accommodate all of vehicles, the capacity of each vehicle is the same and constant, and so as the capacity of each depot. Some supplementary assumptions are considered: no transshipment will be considered between depots; the ending inventory of each period depot is 0, that is, the arrival quantity of products in the same period is equal to the delivery quantity; the starting point and end point of vehicle path are all depots, and the operation time is in a period; the driving time is known and fixed; customers are not allowed to wait; customers have wireless storage capacity and are not allowed to be short.
The objective function considered in this paper is that the total cost of supply chain is the lowest. The decision variables include: the delivery quantity and delivery period of each customer, the depot location used, the number of vehicles used in each depot and the route and scheduling time of each vehicle.
Considering the time when the product arrives at each customer, this paper considers the customer inventory holding cost in each period. The customer inventory holding cost is equal to the unit time unit commodity holding cost multiplied by the inventory quantity and then by the storage time. If the customer does not have inventory before the first delivery, there is no stable inventory in the first period, so the customer inventory cost is not considered in the first period. Since there is no opening stock, the stock level is considered as 0 at the beginning, that is,
The inventory at the beginning of the 2
The total cost (objective function) can be expressed as a linear sum of 5 costs, as follows:
The first item is the customer inventory holding cost, that is, formula (2). The first item is the customer inventory holding cost, that is, formula (2). The second item represents the vehicle transportation cost, where,
The constraints of the model are as follows:
ILRP is a NP-hard problem. The tabu search (TS) algorithm has been proved to be effective in solving a variety of NP-hard problems, and the results are close to the optimal solution. In this paper, an improved tabu search algorithm is used to solve the supply chain planning problem considering customer inventory holding cost. The algorithm is described in detail as follows.
Let
Step 1: Determine objective function value
Step 2: Parameters setting. Set
Step 3: Set iteration value
Step 4: Adding routing with minimum quasi opportunity cost to feasible solution by neighborhood moving. Set
Step 5: Best shift calculation. Every shift
Step 6: Judge whether
Step 7: Set
Step 8: Set
Step 9: Check if the tabu condition is broken by shift
Step 10: If
If the target function
We take the example of multi depot vehicle routing problem (MDVRP) in Ghoseiri's research [13] as the benchmark case, take the first 10 users and the last 30 users in the benchmark case respectively, and form cases with the number of users of 10 and 30 to verify the model and algorithm of this paper. According to the benchmark case, the four candidate locations, user locations and user requirements of the depot are all known, the service time in the depot and user nodes is ignored, and the duration of each period is set to 100 unit time, assuming that the travel speed is 1 unit of length per unit of time, and the unit cost of 1 unit length 1. In order to research the influence of the capacity of each vehicle and depot on system total cost, vehicles number in each depot and vehicle's capacity are changed; similarly, due to the different mobilization costs, the capacity of vehicles in each mobilization will also change, as shown in Table 1.
The parameters value setting in the numerical simulation.
Number of customers nodes | 10 | 30 |
Vehicles number in each depot | 1, 4, 7 | 2, 5, 8 |
Vehicle's capacity | 40, 80, 120 | 40, 80, 120 |
Dispatching cost | 80, 120, 150 | 80, 120, 150 |
Transportation cost between factory and each depot | 400 | 400 |
Transportation cost between depot and each customer node | 1 | 1 |
Customer inventory holding cost | 0.1 | 0.1 |
The transportation cost between depot and each customer node is 10 times that of the customer inventory holding cost, and the transportation cost between factory and each depot is 400 times that of the one between depot and each customer node. It indicates that the factory is far enough from the candidate depots, and the transportation cost will not change with the change of the depot. The improved tabu search algorithm is used in the actual calculation, only three times are calculated and the optimal solution is taken for analysis. The calculation results are shown in follows.
It can be seen from table 2 that when the number of users is 10 and 30, the increase of transport vehicle capacity can reduce the total cost. With the number of vehicles allocated to each depot increasing, the total cost will also decrease. This is because with the increase of vehicle capacity or the number of vehicles allocated to the depot, the number of depots needed will be reduced, resulting in the reduction of the transportation cost between the factory and each depot, so the total cost will be reduced, although the path cost will increase with the increase of vehicle capacity or the number of vehicles allocated to the depot. As the routing cost only accounts for about twenty percent of the total cost, its increase is made up by the reduction of the transportation cost from the factory to the depot, which leads to the total cost reduction.
Calculation results of the numerical experiment.
10 | 40 | 1 | 1753 | 2 | 190 |
10 | 40 | 4 | 1411 | 2 | 213 |
10 | 40 | 7 | 1007 | 1 | 247 |
10 | 80 | 1 | 1230 | 2 | 165 |
10 | 80 | 4 | 874 | 1 | 165 |
10 | 80 | 7 | 874 | 1 | 170 |
10 | 120 | 1 | 1221 | 1 | 132 |
10 | 120 | 4 | 795 | 1 | 147 |
10 | 120 | 7 | 795 | 1 | 147 |
30 | 40 | 2 | 3165 | 3 | 432 |
30 | 40 | 5 | 2807 | 3 | 515 |
30 | 40 | 8 | 2513 | 2 | 601 |
30 | 80 | 2 | 2311 | 3 | 330 |
30 | 80 | 5 | 1986 | 2 | 333 |
30 | 80 | 8 | 1550 | 1 | 385 |
30 | 120 | 2 | 1682 | 2 | 271 |
30 | 120 | 5 | 1341 | 1 | 309 |
30 | 120 | 8 | 1341 | 1 | 298 |
As shown in Table 3, the increase of vehicle capacity leads to the reduction of the number of vehicles needed in each warehouse and the need for more warehouses. However, with the increase of vehicle capacity, the vehicle utilization rate does not decrease with the decrease of total cost, and the scheduled vehicle utilization increases first and then decreases. This is because with the increase of vehicle capacity, the number of vehicles to be dispatched decreases. When the demand is constant, the decrease range is large, so the utilization ratio of low capacity vehicles increases; while for high capacity vehicles, the decrease range is low, so the total capacity of vehicles increases, which leads to the decrease of utilization ratio.
Vehicles’ utilization with vehicles capacities increasing.
10 | 40 | 0.782 | 30 | 40 | 0.791 |
10 | 80 | 0.975 | 30 | 80 | 0.847 |
10 | 120 | 0.659 | 30 | 120 | 0.824 |
This paper studies ILRP with the consideration of supplier inventory management, and establishes a model to determine the depot usage, customer service, delivery quantity, vehicle scheduling time and path in each cycle, so as to minimize the cost of supply chain. The original holding model is put forward, and the improved tabu search algorithm is applied to solve the problem. Through numerical simulation, it can be found that: with the increasing of the total capacity of transport vehicles the number of depot needed will be reduced, thus reducing the total cost; The maximum utilization of alternative vehicles and the minimum cost of the system don’t occur at the same time in some cases, as the increase in transport vehicle capacity will lead to a reduction in vehicle utilization. The future work can start from random demand, random driving time, delivery time limit, and multilevel supply chain considering other strategic and tactical costs, and further enrich the research results of this paper.