Prenatal and perinatal phthalate exposure is associated with sex-dependent changes in hippocampal miR-15b-5p and miR-34a-5p expression and changes in testicular morphology in rat offspring
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Giuliani A, Zuccarini M, Cichelli A, Khan H, Reale M. Critical review on the presence of phthalates in food and evidence of their biological impact. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:5655. doi: 10.3390/ ijerph17165655GiulianiAZuccariniMCichelliAKhanHRealeMCritical review on the presence of phthalates in food and evidence of their biological impactInt J Environ Res Public Health202017565510.3390/ijerph17165655Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Buckley JP, Palmieri RT, Matuszewski JM, Herring AH, Baird DD, Hartmann KE, Hoppin JA. Consumer product exposures associated with urinary phthalate levels in pregnant women. J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol 2012;22:468-75. doi: 10.1038/jes.2012.33BuckleyJPPalmieriRTMatuszewskiJMHerringAHBairdDDHartmannKEHoppinJAConsumer product exposures associated with urinary phthalate levels in pregnant womenJ Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol2012224687510.1038/jes.2012.33Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Cirillo T, Fasano E, Esposito F, Montuori P, Amodio Cocchieri R. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) exposure through diet in hospital patients. Food Chem Toxicol 2013;51:434-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.015CirilloTFasanoEEspositoFMontuoriPAmodioCocchieri RDi(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) exposure through diet in hospital patientsFood Chem Toxicol201351434810.1016/j.fct.2012.10.015Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dutta S, Haggerty DK, Rappolee DA, Ruden DM. Phthalate exposure and long-term epigenomic consequences: a review. Front Genet 2020;11:405. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00405DuttaSHaggertyDKRappoleeDARudenDMPhthalate exposure and long-term epigenomic consequences: a reviewFront Genet20201140510.3389/fgene.2020.00405Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Doyle TJ, Bowman JL, Windell VL, McLean DJ, Kim KH. Transgenerational effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on testicular germ cell associations and spermatogonial stem cells in mice. Biol Reprod 2013;88:112. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.106104DoyleTJBowmanJLWindellVLMcLeanDJKimKHTransgenerational effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on testicular germ cell associations and spermatogonial stem cells in miceBiol Reprod20138811210.1095/biolreprod.112.106104Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Martino-Andrade AJ, Liu F, Sathyanarayana S, Barrett ES, Redmon JB, Nguyen RH, Levine H, Swan SH; the TIDES Study Team. Timing of prenatal phthalate exposure in relation to genital endpoints in male newborns. Andrology 2016;4:585-93. doi: 10.1111/andr.12180Martino-AndradeAJLiuFSathyanarayanaSBarrettESRedmonJBNguyenRHLevineHSwanSH; the TIDES Study TeamTiming of prenatal phthalate exposure in relation to genital endpoints in male newbornsAndrology201645859310.1111/andr.12180Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lee HK, Kim TS, Kim CY, Kang IH, Kim MG, Jung KK, Kim HS, Han SY, Yoon HJ, Rhee GS. Evaluation of in vitro screening system for estrogenicity: comparison of stably transfected human estrogen receptor-alpha transcriptional activation (OECD TG455) assay and estrogen receptor (ER) binding assay. J Toxicol Sci 2012;37:431-7. doi: 10.2131/jts.37.431LeeHKKimTSKimCYKangIHKimMGJungKKKimHSHanSYYoonHJRheeGSEvaluation of in vitro screening system for estrogenicity: comparison of stably transfected human estrogen receptor-alpha transcriptional activation (OECD TG455) assay and estrogen receptor (ER) binding assayJ Toxicol Sci201237431710.2131/jts.37.431Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Huang PC, Li WF, Liao PC, Sun CW, Tsai EM, Wang SL. Risk for estrogen-dependent diseases in relation to phthalate exposure and polymorphisms of CYP17A1 and estrogen receptor genes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014;21:13964-73. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3260-6HuangPCLiWFLiaoPCSunCWTsaiEMWangSLRisk for estrogen-dependent diseases in relation to phthalate exposure and polymorphisms of CYP17A1 and estrogen receptor genesEnviron Sci Pollut Res Int201421139647310.1007/s11356-014-3260-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Fisher JS, Macpherson S, Marchetti N, Sharpe RM. Human “testicular dysgenesis syndrome”: a possible model using in utero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalate. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1383-94. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deg273FisherJSMacphersonSMarchettiNSharpeRMHuman “testicular dysgenesis syndrome”: a possible model using in utero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalateHum Reprod20031813839410.1093/humrep/deg273Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mylchreest E, Sar M, Wallace DG, Foster PM. Fetal testosterone insufficiency and abnormal proliferation of Leydig cells and gonocytes in rats exposed to di-(n-butyl)-phthalate. Reprod Toxicol 2002;16:19-28. doi: 10.1016/s0890-6238(01)00201-5MylchreestESarMWallaceDGFosterPMFetal testosterone insufficiency and abnormal proliferation of Leydig cells and gonocytes in rats exposed to di-(n-butyl)-phthalateReprod Toxicol200216192810.1016/s0890-6238(01)00201-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Parks LG, Ostby JS, Lambright CR, Abbott BD, Klinefelter GR, Barlow NJ, Gray Jr. LE. The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicol Sci 2000;58:339-49. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/58.2.339ParksLGOstbyJSLambrightCRAbbottBDKlinefelterGRBarlowNJGrayJrLEThe plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicol Sci2000583394910.1093/toxsci/58.2.339Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Davis BJ, Weaver R, Gaines LJ, Heindel JJ. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate suppresses estradiol production independent of FSH-cAMP stimulation in rat granulosa cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994;128:224-8. doi: 10.1006/taap.1994.1201DavisBJWeaverRGainesLJHeindelJJMono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate suppresses estradiol production independent of FSH-cAMP stimulation in rat granulosa cellsToxicol Appl Pharmacol1994128224810.1006/taap.1994.1201Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lovekamp TN, Davis BJ. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate suppresses aromatase transcript levels and estradiol production in cultured rat granulosa cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001;172:217-24. doi: 10.1006/taap.2001.9156LovekampTNDavisBJMono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate suppresses aromatase transcript levels and estradiol production in cultured rat granulosa cellsToxicol Appl Pharmacol20011722172410.1006/taap.2001.9156Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lovekamp-Swan T, Davis BJ. Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:139-45. doi: 10.1289/ehp.5658Lovekamp-SwanTDavisBJMechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive systemEnviron Health Perspect20031111394510.1289/ehp.5658Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Morová M, Senko T, Olexová L, Dzirbíková Z, Kršková L. A mixture of diethylhexyl, diisononyl and dibutyl phthalate decreased anogenital distance, postnatal testosterone levels, and changed social behavior in Wistar rats. Physiol Res 2020;69(Suppl 3):S489-98. doi: 10.33549/ physiolres.934599MorováMSenkoTOlexováLDzirbíkováZKrškováLA mixture of diethylhexyl, diisononyl and dibutyl phthalate decreased anogenital distance, postnatal testosterone levels, and changed social behavior in Wistar ratsPhysiol Res202069Suppl 3S4899810.33549/physiolres.934599Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Moore NP. The oestrogenic potential of the phthalate esters. Reprod Toxicol 2000;14:183-92. doi: 10.1016/s0890-6238(00)00068-xMooreNPThe oestrogenic potential of the phthalate estersReprod Toxicol2000141839210.1016/s0890-6238(00)00068-xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Buñay J, Eduardo Larriba E, Ricardo D, Moreno RD, del Mazo J. Chronic low-dose exposure to a mixture of environmental endocrine disruptors induces microRNAs/isomiRs deregulation in mouse concomitant with intratesticular estradiol reduction. Sci Rep 2017;7:3373. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02752-7BuñayJEduardoLarriba ERicardoDMorenoRDdelMazo JChronic low-dose exposure to a mixture of environmental endocrine disruptors induces microRNAs/isomiRs deregulation in mouse concomitant with intratesticular estradiol reductionSci Rep20177337310.1038/s41598-017-02752-7546981528611354Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Štefánik P, Vanková V, Olexová L, Dzirbíková Z, Piešová M, Koprdová R, Mach M. The long-term sex-specific effect of sub chronic prenatal asphyxiaon miR-15b-5p and miR-124-3p levels in limbic system of rats and possible connection with regulation of GABA-ergic system. Act Nerv Super Rediviva 2021;63:36-48.ŠtefánikPVankováVOlexováLDzirbíkováZPiešováMKoprdováRMachMThe long-term sex-specific effect of sub chronic prenatal asphyxiaon miR-15b-5p and miR-124-3p levels in limbic system of rats and possible connection with regulation of GABA-ergic systemAct Nerv Super Rediviva2021633648Search in Google Scholar
Hasakova K, Reis R, Vician M, Zeman M, Herichova I. Expression of miR-34a-5p is up-regulated in human colorectal cancer and correlates with survival and clock gene PER2 expression. PLoS One 2019;14(10):e0224396. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224396HasakovaKReisRVicianMZemanMHerichovaIExpression of miR-34a-5p is up-regulated in human colorectal cancer and correlates with survival and clock gene PER2 expressionPLoS One20191410e022439610.1371/journal.pone.0224396681656431658284Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Roselli CE, Klosterman SA. Sexual differentiation of aromatase activity in the rat brain: effects of perinatal steroid exposure. Endocrinology 1998;139:3193-201. doi: 10.1210/endo.139.7.6101RoselliCEKlostermanSASexual differentiation of aromatase activity in the rat brain: effects of perinatal steroid exposureEndocrinology1998139319320110.1210/endo.139.7.61019645693Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Andrade AJM, Grande SW, Talsness ChE, Grote K, Chahoud I. A dose-response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP): non-monotonic dose-response and low dose effects on rat brain aromatase activity. Toxicology 2006;227:185-92. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.022AndradeAJMGrandeSWTalsnessChEGroteKChahoudIA dose-response study following in utero and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP): non-monotonic dose-response and low dose effects on rat brain aromatase activityToxicology20062271859210.1016/j.tox.2006.07.02216949715Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kubo K, Arai O, Ogata R, Omura M, Hori T, Aou S. Exposure to bisphenol A during the fetal and suckling periods disrupts sexual differentiation of the locus coeruleus and of behavior in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2001;304:73-6. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01760-8KuboKAraiOOgataROmuraMHoriTAouSExposure to bisphenol A during the fetal and suckling periods disrupts sexual differentiation of the locus coeruleus and of behavior in the ratNeurosci Lett200130473610.1016/s0304-3940(01)01760-8Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Patisaul HB, Polston EK. Influence of endocrine active compounds on the developing rodent brain. Brain Res Rev 2008;57:352-62. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.008PatisaulHBPolstonEKInfluence of endocrine active compounds on the developing rodent brainBrain Res Rev2008573526210.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.008Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Prange-Kiel J, Rune GM. Direct and indirect effects of estrogen on rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2006;138:765-72. doi: 10.1016/j. neuroscience.2005.05.061Prange-KielJRuneGMDirect and indirect effects of estrogen on rat hippocampusNeuroscience20061387657210.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.061Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Borrow AP, Handa RJ. Estrogen receptors modulation of anxiety-like behavior. Vitam Horm 2017;103:27-52. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.08.004BorrowAPHandaRJEstrogen receptors modulation of anxiety-like behaviorVitam Horm2017103275210.1016/bs.vh.2016.08.004Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rubin RD, Watson PD, Duff MC, Cohen NJ. The role of the hippocampus in flexible cognition and social behavior. Front Hum Neurosci 2014;8:742. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00742RubinRDWatsonPDDuffMCCohenNJThe role of the hippocampus in flexible cognition and social behaviorFront Hum Neurosci2014874210.3389/fnhum.2014.00742Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mlynarcıková A, Kolena J, Ficková M, Scsuková S. Alterations in steroid hormone production by porcine ovarian granulose cells caused by bisphenol A and bisphenol A dimethacrylate. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005;244:57-62. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.02.009MlynarcıkováAKolenaJFickováMScsukováSAlterations in steroid hormone production by porcine ovarian granulose cells caused by bisphenol A and bisphenol A dimethacrylateMol Cell Endocrinol2005244576210.1016/j.mce.2005.02.009Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Fujimoto T, Kubo K, Aou S. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A impairs sexual differentiation of exploratory behavior and increases depression-like behavior in rats. Brain Res 2006;1068:49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.028FujimotoTKuboKAouSPrenatal exposure to bisphenol A impairs sexual differentiation of exploratory behavior and increases depression-like behavior in ratsBrain Res20061068495510.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.028Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kubo K, Arai O, Omura M, Watanabe R, Ogata R, Aou S. Low dose effects of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior in rats. Neurosci Res 2003;45:345-56. doi: 10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00251-1KuboKAraiOOmuraMWatanabeROgataRAouSLow dose effects of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior in ratsNeurosci Res2003453455610.1016/s0168-0102(02)00251-1Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Gonçalves CR, Cunha RW, Barros DM, Martinez PE. Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to a low dose of bisphenol A on behavior and memory in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2010;30:195-201. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.06.003GonçalvesCRCunhaRWBarrosDMMartinezPEEffects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to a low dose of bisphenol A on behavior and memory in ratsEnviron Toxicol Pharmacol20103019520110.1016/j.etap.2010.06.00321787652Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Gioiosa L, Fissore E, Ghirardelli G, Parmigiani S, Palanza P. Developmental exposure to low-dose estrogenic endocrine disruptors alters sex differences in exploration and emotional responses in mice. Horm Behav 2007;52:307-16. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.05.006GioiosaLFissoreEGhirardelliGParmigianiSPalanzaPDevelopmental exposure to low-dose estrogenic endocrine disruptors alters sex differences in exploration and emotional responses in miceHorm Behav2007523071610.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.05.00617568585Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Marcondes FK, Bianchi FJ, Tanno AP. Determination of the estrous cycle phases of rats: some helpful considerations. Braz J Biol 2002;62(4A):609-14. doi: 10.1590/s1519-69842002000400008MarcondesFKBianchiFJTannoAPDetermination of the estrous cycle phases of rats: some helpful considerationsBraz J Biol2002624A6091410.1590/s1519-69842002000400008Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Obernosterer G, Martinez GJ, Alenius M. Locked nucleic acid-based in situ detection of microRNAs in mouse tissue sections. Nat Protoc 2007;2:1508-14. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2007.153ObernostererGMartinezGJAleniusMLocked nucleic acid-based in situ detection of microRNAs in mouse tissue sectionsNat Protoc2007215081410.1038/nprot.2007.153Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Silahtaroglu AN, Nolting D, Dyrskjøt L, Berezikov E, Møller M, Tommerup N, Kauppinen S. Detection of microRNAs in frozen tissue sections by fluorescence in situ hybridization using locked nucleic acid probes and tyramide signal amplification. Nat Protoc 2007;2:2520-8. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2007.313SilahtarogluANNoltingDDyrskjøtLBerezikovEMøllerMTommerupNKauppinenSDetection of microRNAs in frozen tissue sections by fluorescence in situ hybridization using locked nucleic acid probes and tyramide signal amplificationNat Protoc200722520810.1038/nprot.2007.313Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bankhead P, Loughrey MB, Fernández JA, Dombrowski Y, McArt DG, Dunne PD, McQuaid S, Gray RT, Murray LJ, Coleman HG, James JA, Salto-Tellez M, Hamilton PW. QuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysis. Sci Rep 2017;7:16878. doi: 10.1038/ s41598-017-17204-5BankheadPLoughreyMBFernándezJADombrowskiYMcArtDGDunnePDMcQuaidSGrayRTMurrayLJColemanHGJamesJASalto-TellezMHamiltonPWQuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysisSci Rep201771687810.1038/s41598-017-17204-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bhattacharya N, Dufour JM, Vo M-N, Okita J, Okita R, Kim KH. Differential effects of phthalates on the testis and the liver biology of reproduction 2005;72:745-54. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.031583BhattacharyaNDufourJMVoM-NOkitaJOkitaRKimKHDifferential effects of phthalates on the testis and the liver biology of reproduction2005727455410.1095/biolreprod.104.031583Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Li H, Kim KH. Effect of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on fetal and neonatal rat testis organ cultures. Biol Reprod 2003;69:1964-72. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.018895LiHKimKHEffect of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on fetal and neonatal rat testis organ culturesBiol Reprod20036919647210.1095/biolreprod.103.018895Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Li LH, Jester WF Jr, Orth JM. Effects of relatively low levels of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on cocultured Sertoli cells and gonocytes from neonatal rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998;153:258-65. doi: 10.1006/taap.1998.8550LiLHJesterWF JrOrthJMEffects of relatively low levels of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on cocultured Sertoli cells and gonocytes from neonatal ratsToxicol Appl Pharmacol19981532586510.1006/taap.1998.8550Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Li LH, Jester WF Jr, Laslett AL, Orth JM. A single dose of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in neonatal rats alters gonocytes, reduces Sertoli cell proliferation, and decreases cyclin D2 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000;166:222-9. doi: 10.1006/taap.2000.8972LiLHJesterWF JrLaslettALOrthJMA single dose of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in neonatal rats alters gonocytes, reduces Sertoli cell proliferation, and decreases cyclin D2 expressionToxicol Appl Pharmacol2000166222910.1006/taap.2000.8972Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Pak TR, Rao YS, Prins SA, Mott NN. An emerging role for microRNAs in sexually dimorphic neurobiological systems. Pflugers Arch 2013;465:655-67. doi: 10.1007/s00424-013-1227-yPakTRRaoYSPrinsSAMottNNAn emerging role for microRNAs in sexually dimorphic neurobiological systemsPflugers Arch20134656556710.1007/s00424-013-1227-yOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Masutomi N, Shibutani M, Takagi H, Uneyama Ch, Takahashi N, Hirose M. Impact of dietary exposure to methoxychlor, genistein, or diisononyl phthalate during the perinatal period on the development of the rat endocrine/reproductive systems in later life. Toxicology 2003;192:149-70. doi: 10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00269-5MasutomiNShibutaniMTakagiHUneyamaChTakahashiNHiroseMImpact of dietary exposure to methoxychlor, genistein, or diisononyl phthalate during the perinatal period on the development of the rat endocrine/reproductive systems in later lifeToxicology20031921497010.1016/s0300-483x(03)00269-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Koturbash I, Zemp F, Kolb B, Kovalchuk O. Sex-specific radiation-induced microRNAome responses in the hippocampus, cerebellum and frontal cortex in a mouse model. Mutat Res 2011;722:114-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.05.007KoturbashIZempFKolbBKovalchukOSex-specific radiation-induced microRNAome responses in the hippocampus, cerebellum and frontal cortex in a mouse modelMutat Res2011722114810.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.05.00720478395Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Luo PX, Manning CE, Fass JN, Williams AV, Hao R, Campi KL, Trainor BC. Sex-specific effects of social defeat stress on miRNA expression in the anterior BNST. Behav Brain Res 2021;401:113084. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113084LuoPXManningCEFassJNWilliamsAVHaoRCampiKLTrainorBCSex-specific effects of social defeat stress on miRNA expression in the anterior BNSTBehav Brain Res202140111308410.1016/j.bbr.2020.113084786428433358922Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
McKibben LA, Dwivedi Y. Early-life stress induces genome-wide sex-dependent miRNA expression and correlation across limbic brain areas in rats. Epigenomics 2021;13:1031-56. doi: 10.2217/epi-2021-0037McKibbenLADwivediYEarly-life stress induces genome-wide sex-dependent miRNA expression and correlation across limbic brain areas in ratsEpigenomics20211310315610.2217/epi-2021-0037824458334008410Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Shih Y-L, Hsieh C-J, Lee T-Y, Liao P-H, Wu H-T, Liu C-Y. Sex differences between urinary phthalate metabolites and metabolic syndrome in adults: A cross-sectional Taiwan Biobank Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:10458. doi: 10.3390/ ijerph191610458ShihY-LHsiehC-JLeeT-YLiaoP-HWuH-TLiuC-YSex differences between urinary phthalate metabolites and metabolic syndrome in adults: A cross-sectional Taiwan Biobank StudyInt J Environ Res Public Health2022191045810.3390/ijerph191610458940774736012094Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ghosh R, Haque M, Turner PC, Cruz-Cano R, Dallal CM. Racial and sex differences between urinary phthalates and metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults: NHANES 2005–2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18:6870. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18136870GhoshRHaqueMTurnerPCCruz-CanoRDallalCMRacial and sex differences between urinary phthalates and metabolic syndrome among U.Sadults: NHANES 2005–2014. Int J Environ Res Public Health202118687010.3390/ijerph18136870829737834206929Open DOISearch in Google Scholar