<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<p>Autoimmune adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are rare but may be life-threatening. We performed a retrospective analysis of the immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) of ICIs in the Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI) from 2011 to 2021. The ICIs were administered to 648 patients. Severe irAEs were pronounced in 83 patients (12.8 %). Further, we report a case of severe irAE after treatment with ipilimumab and nivolumab. Prednisone, mesalazine, octreotide, infliximab, vedolizumab, and mycophenolate mofetil were used to manage G4 colitis, with partial response. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of irAE are essential in the perspective of further oncological treatment.</p>
</abstract>

Autoimmune adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are rare but may be life-threatening. We performed a retrospective analysis of the immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) of ICIs in the Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute (MMCI) from 2011 to 2021. The ICIs were administered to 648 patients. Severe irAEs were pronounced in 83 patients (12.8 %). Further, we report a case of severe irAE after treatment with ipilimumab and nivolumab. Prednisone, mesalazine, octreotide, infliximab, vedolizumab, and mycophenolate mofetil were used to manage G4 colitis, with partial response. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of irAE are essential in the perspective of further oncological treatment.

<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<sec id="j_afpuc-2022-0006_s_001"><div>INTRODUCTION</div>
<p>Systemic anti-tumour immunotherapy with antibodies to CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-1L was one of the most significant breakthroughs in solid tumour pharmacotherapy in decades. Unfortunately, their superior efficacy and broader use are limited by rare but often life-threatening adverse effects that differ from the previously known spectrum of adverse effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy. The mechanisms of these immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) and their epidemiology, prognostic significance regarding the further course of the disease, and sometimes their management have been insufficiently investigated so far. The incidence of any irAE can be up to 60% for checkpoint inhibitors and 10–30% for more severe grades (G3-4) (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_afpuc-2022-0006_ref_001">Khan &amp; Gerber, 2020</a>). These adverse effects do not appear to be dose-dependent (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_afpuc-2022-0006_ref_002">Wang et al., 2017</a>). The kinetics of their onset vary widely between organs and organ systems. It is not yet known why some irAEs appear predominantly with some latency and others immediately after initiation of therapy. The ‘natural’ pharmacodynamics of checkpoint inhibitors play a role in the mechanism of irAE development. The costimulatory signal on antigen-presenting cells is disinhibited upon binding to the target receptor, and the cellular and humoral immune response is triggered. Unfortunately, the expansion of some T-lymphocytes subsets is also probably involved in the irAE development.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_afpuc-2022-0006_s_002"><div>AIMS</div>
<p>We aimed to review the irAEs in terms of frequency, severity, and type according to the tissue/organ affected in patients treated with ICIs at MMCI. The secondary aim was to present a clinical case of severe irAE and its management.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_afpuc-2022-0006_s_003"><div>METHODS</div>
<p>Using the hospital information system, we performed a retrospective analysis of the irAEs of ICIs used in the Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, a tertiary comprehensive oncology centre, from 2011 to 2020.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_afpuc-2022-0006_s_004"><div>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</div>
<p>The ICIs were administered to 648 patients, with the most frequent indications being malignant melanoma, renal carcinoma, and lung carcinoma (235, 144 and 114 cases, respectively). The most common ICI was nivolumab (316 patients), followed by pembrolizumab and ipilimumab (93 and 68 patients). An overview of the ICIs and indications is presented in <a ref-type="table" href="#j_afpuc-2022-0006_tab_001">Table 1</a>.</p>
<table-wrap id="j_afpuc-2022-0006_tab_001" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Overview of ICIs and their indications - number of patients treated in the Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute over the years 2011–2021.</p></caption>
<table frame="box" rules="all">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle"></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Melanoma</bold></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Renal carcinoma</bold></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Lung carcinoma</bold></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Head and neck carcinoma</bold></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Gastric carcinoma</bold></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Urothelial carcinoma</bold></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Others</bold></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Total</bold></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nivolumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">130</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">316</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pembrolizumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">18</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">43</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">93</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ipilimumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">67</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">68</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nivolumab + Ipilimumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">9</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Atezolizumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">7</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Spartalizumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Durvalumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Avelumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Cemiplimab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nivolumab + Relatlimab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle"></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Subtotal</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">235</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">144</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">114</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">37</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">27</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">72</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">648</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Severe immune-related adverse effects requiring immunosuppressive treatment were pronounced in 83 patients (12.8%), which is not different from the literature data (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_afpuc-2022-0006_ref_001">Khan &amp; Gerber, 2020</a>). The exact numbers of irAEs, in particular ICIs, are presented in <a ref-type="table" href="#j_afpuc-2022-0006_tab_002">Table 2</a>.</p>
<table-wrap id="j_afpuc-2022-0006_tab_002" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Overview of the frequency of serious irAEs of ICIs in the Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute.</p></caption>
<table frame="box" rules="all">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle"></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Patients treated</bold></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>No. of serious irAEs</bold></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle"><bold>%</bold></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nivolumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">316</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">33</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">10.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Pembrolizumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">93</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Ipilimumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">68</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">11</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nivolumab + Ipilimumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">30.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Atezolizumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">6.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Spartalizumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Durvalumab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle">Nivolumab + Relatlimab</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">40.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" valign="middle"><bold>Total patients treated with ICIs</bold></td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">648</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">83</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle">12.8</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>The most frequent irAEs across all treatments were pneumonitis, followed by hepatitis, colitis, and dermatitis (21, 15, 13, 12 cases, respectively). As apparent in <a ref-type="table" href="#j_afpuc-2022-0006_tab_002">Table 2</a>, if low numbers are omitted, the nivolumab + ipilimumab combination probably possesses the highest risk of irAE.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_afpuc-2022-0006_s_005"><div>CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF NIVOLUMAB + IPILIMUMAB-INDUCED COLITIS</div>
<p>A 52-year-old woman (88 kg bodyweight, 175 cm height) was diagnosed with renal clear cell carcinoma. She underwent randomisation in the clinical study with nivolumab/placebo vs nivolumab/ipilimumab every three weeks. Two weeks after the first cycle, the patient reported mild adverse effects (headache, flushes, fluctuating blood pressure), and laboratory findings revealed G2 hyperthyreosis, which was managed with metoprolol. The study treatment continued. Hyperthyreosis turned into hypothyreosis, and thereafter the patient’s treatment was substituted with levothyroxine. After four cycles, colitis grade 2 manifested, and thus, prednisone 1 mg/kg was administered. The patient was unblinded from the study protocol, and it was revealed that she was treated with nivolumab (3 mg/kg) + ipilimumab (1 mg/kg). Because the patient’s status improved, the prednisone was tapered sequentially. The treatment continued with only nivolumab 480 mg every four weeks. After six cycles of nivolumab, colitis grade 2 manifested again and was transiently managed with methylprednisolone 62.5 mg, followed by prednisone 20 mg/day and mesalazine 3 g/day. The ICI treatment stopped promptly. Subsequently, colitis grade 4 relapsed. Due to insufficient response to glucocorticoids, the following treatment was sequentially administered over four weeks, with insufficient effect: infliximab 5 mg/kg, octreotide 100 mcg every 8 hours, vedolizumab 300 mg and mycophenolate mofetil (1000 mg q/d). Most of the time during the colitis treatment, the situation was complicated by urinary tract infection resolved with sulfamethoxazole and amikacin. Partial response (alleviation from colitis symptoms) was achieved only by high dose glucocorticoid pulses. Hemicolectomy and ileostomy were performed after two months due to pneumoperitoneum, and vertebroplasty was performed after another two months due to the fracture of L1-L3, with a satisfactory result. Eighteen months after the episode of G4 colitis, symptomatic treatment with mesalazine and hydrocortisone was provided, and the patient was held in therapy due to residual symptoms of colitis.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="j_afpuc-2022-0006_s_006"><div>CONCLUSION</div>
<p>The occurrence of irAEs in the patients treated at Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute was comparable with the literature data (<a ref-type="bibr" href="#j_afpuc-2022-0006_ref_001">Khan &amp; Gerber, 2020</a>). Although ICI treatment offers superior efficacy over classical chemotherapy in some solid tumours, unpredictable irAEs may occur. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of irAEs are essential in the perspective of subsequent treatment. Even if early and proper treatment is provided, the irAEs may progress and disable further oncological treatment.</p>
</sec>
</div>

Immune-Mediated Adverse Effects of Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Clinical Experience

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology

Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry

European Pharmaceutical Journal

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

{"article-title":"Immune-Mediated Adverse Effects of Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Clinical Experience"}

Autoimmune adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are rare but may be life-threatening. We performed a retrospective analysis of the...

Immune-Mediated Adverse Effects of Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Clinical Experience

Article Category: Short Communication

Publié en ligne: 18 juin 2022

Pages: 84 - 86

Reçu: 25 avr. 2022

Accepté: 10 mai 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2022-0006

Mots clés
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy, adverse effect, autoimmunity

© 2022 Jan Juřica et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Immune-Mediated Adverse Effects of Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Clinical Experience

Article Category: Short Communication

Publié en ligne: 18 juin 2022

Pages: 84 - 86

Reçu: 25 avr. 2022

Accepté: 10 mai 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2022-0006

Mots clésImmune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy, adverse effect, autoimmunity

© 2022 Jan Juřica et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Mots clés
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy, adverse effect, autoimmunity