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Ameliorative effect of different mesoporous bioactive glass materials in experimental tibial defects in rats

Ozlem Ozmen
Ozlem Ozmen
, 
Fatma Tomul
Fatma Tomul
 et 
Yusuf Sinan Sirin
Yusuf Sinan Sirin
   | 16 juin 2023
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Article Category: Original article
Publié en ligne: 16 juin 2023
Pages: 237 - 248
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/abm-2022-0027
Mots clés
© 2022 Ozlem Ozmen et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Experimental design and applications.
Experimental design and applications.

Figure 2.

Schematic illustration of the study.
Schematic illustration of the study.

Figure 3.

Appearance of the tibia after defect creation (arrow).
Appearance of the tibia after defect creation (arrow).

Figure 4.

XRD patterns of the MBG and Cu-MBG, Zn-MBG, and Cu–Zn-MBG samples (A) before and (B) after soaking in SBF for 28 d: □, CaCO3, Δ, Ca2SiO4, , Ca3(PO4)2, , CaSiO3, , CuO, , Zn2SiO4, , ZnCO3, and °, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; SBF, simulated body fluid; XRD, X-ray diffraction.
XRD patterns of the MBG and Cu-MBG, Zn-MBG, and Cu–Zn-MBG samples (A) before and (B) after soaking in SBF for 28 d: □, CaCO3, Δ, Ca2SiO4, , Ca3(PO4)2, , CaSiO3, , CuO, , Zn2SiO4, , ZnCO3, and °, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; SBF, simulated body fluid; XRD, X-ray diffraction.

Figure 5.

FTIR spectra of the MBG, Cu-MBG, Zn-MBG, and Cu–Zn-MBG samples (A) before and (B) after soaking in SBF for 28 d. FTIR, Fourier transformed infrared; MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; SBF, simulated body fluid.
FTIR spectra of the MBG, Cu-MBG, Zn-MBG, and Cu–Zn-MBG samples (A) before and (B) after soaking in SBF for 28 d. FTIR, Fourier transformed infrared; MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; SBF, simulated body fluid.

Figure 6.

Histopathological appearance of the groups on the 15th and 30th days after graft application in the (A) control, (B) MBG, (C) Cu-MBG, (D) Zn-MBG, and (E) Cu–Zn-MBG groups. Defect areas (thin arrows), graft materials (thick arrows), and newly formed bone areas (white arrows), HE, bars = 100 μm. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass.
Histopathological appearance of the groups on the 15th and 30th days after graft application in the (A) control, (B) MBG, (C) Cu-MBG, (D) Zn-MBG, and (E) Cu–Zn-MBG groups. Defect areas (thin arrows), graft materials (thick arrows), and newly formed bone areas (white arrows), HE, bars = 100 μm. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass.

Figure 7.

Collagen 1 immunohistochemical expression among the groups on the 15th and 30th days after graft application in the (A) control, (B) MBG, (C) Cu-MBG, (D) Zn-MBG, and (E) Cu–Zn-MBG groups. Positive expressions (arrows) were observed in connective tissue. SBPT, bar = 50 μm. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; SBPT, streptavidin–biotin peroxidase technique.
Collagen 1 immunohistochemical expression among the groups on the 15th and 30th days after graft application in the (A) control, (B) MBG, (C) Cu-MBG, (D) Zn-MBG, and (E) Cu–Zn-MBG groups. Positive expressions (arrows) were observed in connective tissue. SBPT, bar = 50 μm. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; SBPT, streptavidin–biotin peroxidase technique.

Figure 8.

BMP2 immunohistochemical expression among the groups on the 15th and 30th days after graft application in the (A) control, (B) MBG, (C) Cu-MBG, (D) Zn-MBG, and (E) Cu–Zn-MBG groups. Slight positive reactions (arrows) were observed in some cells. SBPT, bar = 50 μm. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; SBPT, streptavidin–biotin peroxidase technique.
BMP2 immunohistochemical expression among the groups on the 15th and 30th days after graft application in the (A) control, (B) MBG, (C) Cu-MBG, (D) Zn-MBG, and (E) Cu–Zn-MBG groups. Slight positive reactions (arrows) were observed in some cells. SBPT, bar = 50 μm. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; SBPT, streptavidin–biotin peroxidase technique.

Figure 9.

OST immunohistochemical expression among the groups on the 15th and 30th days after graft application in the (A) control, (B) MBG, (C) Cu-MBG, (D) Zn-MBG, and (E) Cu–Zn-MBG groups. Slight-to-moderate immunopositive reactions (arrows) were observed, especially in osteoclastic cells. SBPT, bar = 50 μm. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; OST, osteocalcin; SBPT, streptavidin–biotin peroxidase technique.
OST immunohistochemical expression among the groups on the 15th and 30th days after graft application in the (A) control, (B) MBG, (C) Cu-MBG, (D) Zn-MBG, and (E) Cu–Zn-MBG groups. Slight-to-moderate immunopositive reactions (arrows) were observed, especially in osteoclastic cells. SBPT, bar = 50 μm. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; OST, osteocalcin; SBPT, streptavidin–biotin peroxidase technique.

Figure 10.

VEGF immunohistochemical expression among the groups on the 15th and 30th days after graft application in the (A) control, (B) MBG, (C) Cu-MBG, (D) Zn-MBG, and (E) Cu–Zn-MBG groups. Slight-to-moderate immunopositive reactions (arrows) were observed, especially in osteoclastic cells. SBPT, bar = 50 μm. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; SBPT, streptavidin–biotin peroxidase technique; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
VEGF immunohistochemical expression among the groups on the 15th and 30th days after graft application in the (A) control, (B) MBG, (C) Cu-MBG, (D) Zn-MBG, and (E) Cu–Zn-MBG groups. Slight-to-moderate immunopositive reactions (arrows) were observed, especially in osteoclastic cells. SBPT, bar = 50 μm. MBG, mesoporous bioactive glass; SBPT, streptavidin–biotin peroxidase technique; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

Statistical analysis results of histomorphic data between the groups

Groups 15 days 30 days
Total augmentation area (mm2)
Control 2.04 ± 0.46 2.44 ± 0.31
MBG 7.04 ± 0.78† 8.04 ± 1.35†
Cu-MBG 8.84 ± 0.87† 11.74 ± 1.37‡
Zn-MBG 10.20 ± 0.34§ 12.58 ± 1.64‡
Cu/Zn-MBG 12.54 ± 0.81§ 14.44 ± 0.89§
Defect closure rate (%)
Control 28.20 ± 4.39 36.40 ± 4.03
MBG 44.10 ± 3.90† 55.20 ± 5.30†
Cu-MBG 59.20 ± 3.91‡ 75.60 ± 5.08‡
Zn-MBG 64.50 ± 5.72‡ 77.20 ± 5.20‡
Cu/Zn-MBG 74.80 ± 4.77§ 93.70 ± 2.75§
New bone area (mm2)
Control 0.19 ± 0.03 1.54 ± 0.43
MBG 0.31 ± 0.03 1.77 ± 0.47†
Cu-MBG 1.29 ± 0.08† 2.61 ± 0.37‡
Zn-MBG 1.24 ± 0.13† 2.35 ± 0.15‡
Cu/Zn-MBG 1.91 ± 0.10§ 3.80 ± 0.14§
Residual material area (mm2)
Control 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00
MBG 17.80 ± 0.78† 7.60 ± 0.96†
Cu-MBG 17.30 ± 1.41† 7.30 ± 1.41†
Zn-MBG 15.80 ± 2.44‡ 8.60 ± 1.42†
Cu/Zn-MBG 12.90 ± 3.54§ 5.50 ± 1.26§
Osteoclast number
Control 6.30 ± 1.41 9.00 ± 1.49
MBG 12.30 ± 1.70† 16.80 ± 1.61†
Cu-MBG 16.60 ± 2.06‡ 20.60 ± 1.57‡
Zn-MBG 17.10 ± 1.59‡ 23.30 ± 2.40‡
Cu/Zn-MBG 19.70 ± 1.05§ 29.20 ± 2.89§
Osteoblast number
Control 10.10 ± 0.99 20.40 ± 1.17
MBG 13.70 ± 2.66† 25.20 ± 2.27†
Cu-MBG 16.90 ± 1.66‡ 29.20 ± 1.75‡
Zn-MBG 16.90 ± 2.23‡ 27.10 ± 2.07‡
Cu/Zn-MBG 24.30 ± 1.88§ 33.00 ± 1.56§

Statistical analysis results of immunohistochemical scores between the groups

Col-1 BMP-2 OST VEGF
15 days
Control 0.50 ± 0.16 0.60 ± 0.51 0.20 ± 0.13 1.20 ± 0.42
MBG 1.10 ± 0.56† 1.20 ± 0.63† 1.20 ± 0.63† 1.50 ± 0.52
Cu-MBG 1.50 ± 0.52†¥ 1.30 ± 0.48† 1.30 ± 0.48† 1.80 ± 0.42†
Zn-MBG 1.20 ± 0.42† 1.60 ± 0.51§ 1.30 ± 0.48† 1.60 ± 0.51
Cu/Zn-MBG 2.30±0.48§фψδ 1.60 ± 0.69§ 1.80 ± 0.91§#ψф 2.30 ± 0.82§¥ψф
30 days
Control 0.70 ± 0.48 1.00 ± 0.47 0.80 ± 0.42 1.50 ± 0.52
MBG 1.40 ± 0.51† 1.80 ± 0.63† 1.60 ± 0.51† 2.10 ± 0.56†
Cu-MBG 1.90 ± 0.31§¥ 2.20 ± 0.91‡ 1.90 ± 0.56† 2.00 ± 0.47†
Zn-MBG 1.60 ± 0.51† 2.20 ± 0.63‡ 1.80 ± 0.78† 2.20 ± 0.63†
Cu/Zn-MBG 2.50 ± 0.52§ф 2.40 ± 0.84§ 2.30 ± 0.67§ 2.80 ± 0.42§ψ
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